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Quality management > QM > Flashcards

QM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the art of imaging critique?

A

analysis of image by using scientific means.

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2
Q

what is the purpose of a radiographic imaging?

A

to provide information about the patient’s medical condition

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3
Q

for an effective image critiquing, how many steps are there?

A

3 steps

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4
Q

what are the 3 steps for the image analysis?

A

Classification of the image, ID the problem, Corrective action

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5
Q

What are the 3 major categories of cause of an imaging problem?

A

technical factor, procedural, or equipment malfunction

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6
Q

What is acceptance limit? and how is it usually defined?

A

it is a range in which “suboptimal” images are accepted.

usually defined by the preferences and demands at each unit.

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7
Q

What are the 4 prime exposure factors?

A

KVP, mA, time, and SID

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8
Q

there are ___ principal types of charts

A

4

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9
Q

the 4 principal types of charts are

A

Variable kilovoltage, fixed kilovoltage, AEC, and high kilovoltage

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10
Q

Variable kVp charts use a ____ mAs and a kVp that varies according to…

A

fixed, thickness of anatomical part

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11
Q

Fixed kVp charts are used the most. the kVp selected is the _____ required for _____ of anatomical part

A

optimum, penetration

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12
Q

High voltage kVp charts are used when kVp is selected at greater than ____kVp.

A

100kVp

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13
Q

AEC systems are completely automatic T/F?

A

False

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14
Q

Optical Density is a degree of ….

A

blackening of the finished radiograph

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15
Q

how do you control optical density on Digital Radiography?

A

window leveling

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16
Q

what is the machine that is used to measure density?

A

densitometer

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17
Q

When densitometer is used to measure density on the film, what are the numbers range on the readout diplay?

A

0.0-4.0

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18
Q

Densities must be well within range of human visibility, what is the range of optical density that is of diagnostic value?

A

0.25-2.5 OD

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19
Q

according to D log E curve, an OD of .2 is considered ____ and 4.0 is considered ____

A

clear and black

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20
Q

2 factors that affect density are ___ and ___

A

controlling and influencing factors

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21
Q

T/F influencing factors are used as major adjustment?

A

False, controlling factors are used as major adjustment

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22
Q

what is used as the primary controller of image receptor exposure and film density?

A

mAs

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23
Q

A radiograph will remain the same despite of short or long exposure time as long as ____ remain constant, is the law of ______

A

mAs, reciprocity law

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24
Q

how many influencing factors of Optical Density are there? and what are they?

A

11
15% rule, focal spot size, anode heel effect, filtration, Collimation, SID, anatomical part, OID, Grids, IR, and film processing

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25
Q

Under 15% rule, what happens when you increase the kVp?

A

doubling of exposure to IR, .3 incr in OD scale

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26
Q

what does 0.3 incr is optical density mean?

A

doubling the exposure to the image receptor

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27
Q

The _____ alters the intensity of the radiation. IR exposure is greatest on the _____ side

A

anode heel effect, cathode

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28
Q

what alters the beam intensity affecting the IR exposure and film density?

A

Filtration

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29
Q

What reduces total number of photons ?

A

collimation

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30
Q

what alters the intensity of beam reaching the IR?

A

Source to image receptor distance

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31
Q

if you want to keep the density the same, what should you do when you increase SID?

A

increase mAs.

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32
Q

what is the prime attenuator of the beam?

A

the patient

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33
Q

what is the range of radiographic contrast a difference of?

A

adjacent densities. btwn clear white through various shades of gray

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34
Q

what is contrast controlled by on DR?

A

window width

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35
Q

how many types of contrast are there?

A

2.

high contrast, short scale and low contrast, long scale

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36
Q

when the difference between adjacent densities is great the image is described as ______

A

high contrast

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37
Q

what are some characters of high contrast short scale?

A

not many shades of gray, increased contrast, low kVp, short dynamic range

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38
Q

when the difference between adjacent densitites is minimal (can barely tell from current color to the one next to) the image is described as _____

A

low contrast

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39
Q

what are some characteristics of low contrast long scale?

A

many shades of gray, decreased contrast, High kVp, large dynamic range

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40
Q

contrast is the product of 2 elements, what are they?

A

IR contrast and subject contrast

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41
Q

range of densities that image receptor is capable of recording describes…

A

image receptor contrast

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42
Q

how many factors influences IR contrast (think film)? what are they?

A

4, intensifying screen, film density, D log E curve, and processing

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43
Q

Subject contrast can be describe as…

A

the range of intensities of x ray beam after it passes through the pt

44
Q

what does subject contrast depend on ?

A

kilovoltage and amount and type of tissue

45
Q

what is the main controller of contrast?

A

kVp

46
Q

when kVp increases, what downfall also occur?

A

increase in scatter

47
Q

if you shoot an x ray through a high amount of body mass, you are bound to …..

A

have more interactions

48
Q

what is the primary function of a grid?

A

improve contrast

49
Q

what are the 2 factors that contribute to the visibility of detail?

A

density and contrast

50
Q

Degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of the structural lines recorded in the image is ______

A

recorded detail (aka, sharpness, detail, definition, spatial res)

51
Q

quantitative representation of recorded detail is described as _____

A

spatial resolution

52
Q

Controlling factors of recorded detail are….

A

Focal spot, SID, and OID

53
Q

Explain the relationship of focal spot and the recorded detail. (what happens when you narrow the FS/increase it)

A

The more targeted the focal spot to the body part, the less penumbra. When you decrease FS you decrease Penumbra, which in turns increasing the resolution of the image.

54
Q

what are the types of motion which contributes to the recorded detail?

A

Voluntary, involuntary, and equipment motion

55
Q

what happens when motion increases?

A

image sharpness decreases

56
Q

when you want to maximize detail, what type of speed screen should you use?

A

slow speed

57
Q

misrepresentation of size or shape of the structures being examined is a description of….

A

Distortion

58
Q

What is the ONLY type of size distortion?

A

Magnification

59
Q

What are you always trying to accomplish in regards to SID and OID maximization and minimization?

A

Maximize SID and minimize OID

60
Q

There are two types of shape distortions what are they?

A

Elongation and Foreshortening

61
Q

When the tube and the IR are improperly aligned, what does it cause?

A

Elongation

62
Q

when the PT is positioned incorrectly, what can occur?

A

Foreshortening

63
Q

What are the two factors that contributes to size distortion?

A

OID and SID

64
Q

the greater the object’s distance from the IR is the greater the

A

distortion

65
Q

what are the factors that can affect shape distortion?

A

alignment, central ray, anatomical part, image receptor, Angulation

66
Q

Proper positioning is achieved when CR is perpendicular to the pt and IR is a description of what?

A

Alignment

67
Q

what are artifacts?

A

any irregularity on an image not caused by proper shadowing of tissue

68
Q

In screen film radiography artifacts, what are the 3 main areas of artifacts?

A

Exposure, processing, and handling and storage artifacts

69
Q

what are some examples of exposure artifacts?

A

PT motion, improper pt position, wrong screen-film, poor screen-film contact, warped cassette, double exposure, improper positioning of grid, and pt preparation

70
Q

Processing artifacts occurs when…?

A

during processing of film

71
Q

how can you prevent artifacts during processing?

A

with proper processor quality control and frequent cleaning

72
Q

What causes fog?

A

white-light leaks (or light, radiation, and heat)

73
Q

what causes static artifacts? and what are other names for them?

A

buildup of electrons in the emulsion. (also known as crown, tree, and smudge) can be prevented by cleaning intensifying screens with solution

74
Q

what are the 3 artifacts that can occur during digital imaging?

A

image receptor, software, and object artifacts

75
Q

what are the most important characteristics of radiographic quality?

A

spatial res, contrast res, noise, and artifacts

76
Q

what is radiographic quality? or image quality?

A

how close the image of anatomical part is to the anatomical structure

77
Q

a radiograph that is dark can be said that it is…. and the radiograph that is too light can be said that it is…

A

overexposed

underexposed

78
Q

short scale contrast refers to…

A

an image that has considerable difference in white to black.

79
Q

long scale contrast refers to

A

an image that contains many shades of grey depicting many different structures in the body

80
Q

when the differences between adjacent densities are great image is known to be

A

high contrast

81
Q

when the differences between adjacent densities are minimal, it is described as…

A

low contrast

82
Q

what are the two means to evaluate an image detail?

A

Recorded detail and Visibility of image detail

83
Q

what is recorded detail measured by?

A

spatial res, focal spot size, SID, and OID

84
Q

how do you produce the sharpest image detail?

A

use smallest focal spot, longest SID, and minimize OID

85
Q

what are the two properties of image quality?

A

Detail and Distortion

86
Q

how do you minimize distortion?

A

proper alignment of tube, anatomical part, and image receptor

87
Q

Density can be controlled by two factors, what are they?

A

mAs and SID

88
Q

Because SID is fixed the only variable is….

A

mAs

89
Q

increase in tissue thickness results in….

A

decrease in film density.. need to up the technical factors

90
Q

when you want to adjust mAs, how much is minimum change necessary to cause visible change?

A

30%

91
Q

General rule of thumb for changing mAs ….

A

you either double or halves it

92
Q

pertaining to mAs, over expose… and underexpose

A

when it is overexposing… halve the value, when you’re underexposing, double the value

93
Q

when you want to change contrast, you normally vary the….

A

kVp

94
Q

what is the downfall of adjusting kVp?

A

you increase/decrease kVp by using 15% rule, this causes the double and halves of the mAs. because it affects both, you normally only adjust kVp when contrast is the only issue

95
Q

when compensating for distance, you have to increase the mAs according to an increase in distance t/f

A

true

96
Q

what is the formula for determining the increase/decrease of mAs to distance?

A

mAs1/mAs2 = (D1/D2)squared

97
Q

Fiberglass cast compensation is…

A

+3-4kV

98
Q

Small to medium casts require….

A

+5-7kV

99
Q

Large plaster casts require…

A

+8-10kV

100
Q

what is the grid ratio compensation formula?

A

mAs1/mAs2=GCF1/GCF2

101
Q

Grid conversion factor for No grid

A

1

102
Q

GCF for 5:1

A

2

103
Q

GCF for 8:1

A

4

104
Q

GCF for 12:1

A

5

105
Q

GCF for 16:1

A

6

106
Q

List of diseases/conditions that require double mAs

A

Abscess, edema, tumors, pneumonia, Sclerosis

107
Q

List of conditions that require half the mAs

A

Atrophy, Emaciation, Emphysema, pneumothorax, carcinoma, gout

Quality management (1 decks)

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