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QM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the art of imaging critique?

A

analysis of image by using scientific means.

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2
Q

what is the purpose of a radiographic imaging?

A

to provide information about the patient’s medical condition

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3
Q

for an effective image critiquing, how many steps are there?

A

3 steps

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4
Q

what are the 3 steps for the image analysis?

A

Classification of the image, ID the problem, Corrective action

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5
Q

What are the 3 major categories of cause of an imaging problem?

A

technical factor, procedural, or equipment malfunction

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6
Q

What is acceptance limit? and how is it usually defined?

A

it is a range in which “suboptimal” images are accepted.

usually defined by the preferences and demands at each unit.

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7
Q

What are the 4 prime exposure factors?

A

KVP, mA, time, and SID

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8
Q

there are ___ principal types of charts

A

4

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9
Q

the 4 principal types of charts are

A

Variable kilovoltage, fixed kilovoltage, AEC, and high kilovoltage

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10
Q

Variable kVp charts use a ____ mAs and a kVp that varies according to…

A

fixed, thickness of anatomical part

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11
Q

Fixed kVp charts are used the most. the kVp selected is the _____ required for _____ of anatomical part

A

optimum, penetration

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12
Q

High voltage kVp charts are used when kVp is selected at greater than ____kVp.

A

100kVp

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13
Q

AEC systems are completely automatic T/F?

A

False

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14
Q

Optical Density is a degree of ….

A

blackening of the finished radiograph

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15
Q

how do you control optical density on Digital Radiography?

A

window leveling

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16
Q

what is the machine that is used to measure density?

A

densitometer

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17
Q

When densitometer is used to measure density on the film, what are the numbers range on the readout diplay?

A

0.0-4.0

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18
Q

Densities must be well within range of human visibility, what is the range of optical density that is of diagnostic value?

A

0.25-2.5 OD

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19
Q

according to D log E curve, an OD of .2 is considered ____ and 4.0 is considered ____

A

clear and black

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20
Q

2 factors that affect density are ___ and ___

A

controlling and influencing factors

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21
Q

T/F influencing factors are used as major adjustment?

A

False, controlling factors are used as major adjustment

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22
Q

what is used as the primary controller of image receptor exposure and film density?

A

mAs

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23
Q

A radiograph will remain the same despite of short or long exposure time as long as ____ remain constant, is the law of ______

A

mAs, reciprocity law

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24
Q

how many influencing factors of Optical Density are there? and what are they?

A

11
15% rule, focal spot size, anode heel effect, filtration, Collimation, SID, anatomical part, OID, Grids, IR, and film processing

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25
Under 15% rule, what happens when you increase the kVp?
doubling of exposure to IR, .3 incr in OD scale
26
what does 0.3 incr is optical density mean?
doubling the exposure to the image receptor
27
The _____ alters the intensity of the radiation. IR exposure is greatest on the _____ side
anode heel effect, cathode
28
what alters the beam intensity affecting the IR exposure and film density?
Filtration
29
What reduces total number of photons ?
collimation
30
what alters the intensity of beam reaching the IR?
Source to image receptor distance
31
if you want to keep the density the same, what should you do when you increase SID?
increase mAs.
32
what is the prime attenuator of the beam?
the patient
33
what is the range of radiographic contrast a difference of?
adjacent densities. btwn clear white through various shades of gray
34
what is contrast controlled by on DR?
window width
35
how many types of contrast are there?
2. | high contrast, short scale and low contrast, long scale
36
when the difference between adjacent densities is great the image is described as ______
high contrast
37
what are some characters of high contrast short scale?
not many shades of gray, increased contrast, low kVp, short dynamic range
38
when the difference between adjacent densitites is minimal (can barely tell from current color to the one next to) the image is described as _____
low contrast
39
what are some characteristics of low contrast long scale?
many shades of gray, decreased contrast, High kVp, large dynamic range
40
contrast is the product of 2 elements, what are they?
IR contrast and subject contrast
41
range of densities that image receptor is capable of recording describes...
image receptor contrast
42
how many factors influences IR contrast (think film)? what are they?
4, intensifying screen, film density, D log E curve, and processing
43
Subject contrast can be describe as...
the range of intensities of x ray beam after it passes through the pt
44
what does subject contrast depend on ?
kilovoltage and amount and type of tissue
45
what is the main controller of contrast?
kVp
46
when kVp increases, what downfall also occur?
increase in scatter
47
if you shoot an x ray through a high amount of body mass, you are bound to .....
have more interactions
48
what is the primary function of a grid?
improve contrast
49
what are the 2 factors that contribute to the visibility of detail?
density and contrast
50
Degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of the structural lines recorded in the image is ______
recorded detail (aka, sharpness, detail, definition, spatial res)
51
quantitative representation of recorded detail is described as _____
spatial resolution
52
Controlling factors of recorded detail are....
Focal spot, SID, and OID
53
Explain the relationship of focal spot and the recorded detail. (what happens when you narrow the FS/increase it)
The more targeted the focal spot to the body part, the less penumbra. When you decrease FS you decrease Penumbra, which in turns increasing the resolution of the image.
54
what are the types of motion which contributes to the recorded detail?
Voluntary, involuntary, and equipment motion
55
what happens when motion increases?
image sharpness decreases
56
when you want to maximize detail, what type of speed screen should you use?
slow speed
57
misrepresentation of size or shape of the structures being examined is a description of....
Distortion
58
What is the ONLY type of size distortion?
Magnification
59
What are you always trying to accomplish in regards to SID and OID maximization and minimization?
Maximize SID and minimize OID
60
There are two types of shape distortions what are they?
Elongation and Foreshortening
61
When the tube and the IR are improperly aligned, what does it cause?
Elongation
62
when the PT is positioned incorrectly, what can occur?
Foreshortening
63
What are the two factors that contributes to size distortion?
OID and SID
64
the greater the object's distance from the IR is the greater the
distortion
65
what are the factors that can affect shape distortion?
alignment, central ray, anatomical part, image receptor, Angulation
66
Proper positioning is achieved when CR is perpendicular to the pt and IR is a description of what?
Alignment
67
what are artifacts?
any irregularity on an image not caused by proper shadowing of tissue
68
In screen film radiography artifacts, what are the 3 main areas of artifacts?
Exposure, processing, and handling and storage artifacts
69
what are some examples of exposure artifacts?
PT motion, improper pt position, wrong screen-film, poor screen-film contact, warped cassette, double exposure, improper positioning of grid, and pt preparation
70
Processing artifacts occurs when...?
during processing of film
71
how can you prevent artifacts during processing?
with proper processor quality control and frequent cleaning
72
What causes fog?
white-light leaks (or light, radiation, and heat)
73
what causes static artifacts? and what are other names for them?
buildup of electrons in the emulsion. (also known as crown, tree, and smudge) can be prevented by cleaning intensifying screens with solution
74
what are the 3 artifacts that can occur during digital imaging?
image receptor, software, and object artifacts
75
what are the most important characteristics of radiographic quality?
spatial res, contrast res, noise, and artifacts
76
what is radiographic quality? or image quality?
how close the image of anatomical part is to the anatomical structure
77
a radiograph that is dark can be said that it is.... and the radiograph that is too light can be said that it is...
overexposed | underexposed
78
short scale contrast refers to...
an image that has considerable difference in white to black.
79
long scale contrast refers to
an image that contains many shades of grey depicting many different structures in the body
80
when the differences between adjacent densities are great image is known to be
high contrast
81
when the differences between adjacent densities are minimal, it is described as...
low contrast
82
what are the two means to evaluate an image detail?
Recorded detail and Visibility of image detail
83
what is recorded detail measured by?
spatial res, focal spot size, SID, and OID
84
how do you produce the sharpest image detail?
use smallest focal spot, longest SID, and minimize OID
85
what are the two properties of image quality?
Detail and Distortion
86
how do you minimize distortion?
proper alignment of tube, anatomical part, and image receptor
87
Density can be controlled by two factors, what are they?
mAs and SID
88
Because SID is fixed the only variable is....
mAs
89
increase in tissue thickness results in....
decrease in film density.. need to up the technical factors
90
when you want to adjust mAs, how much is minimum change necessary to cause visible change?
30%
91
General rule of thumb for changing mAs ....
you either double or halves it
92
pertaining to mAs, over expose... and underexpose
when it is overexposing... halve the value, when you're underexposing, double the value
93
when you want to change contrast, you normally vary the....
kVp
94
what is the downfall of adjusting kVp?
you increase/decrease kVp by using 15% rule, this causes the double and halves of the mAs. because it affects both, you normally only adjust kVp when contrast is the only issue
95
when compensating for distance, you have to increase the mAs according to an increase in distance t/f
true
96
what is the formula for determining the increase/decrease of mAs to distance?
mAs1/mAs2 = (D1/D2)squared
97
Fiberglass cast compensation is...
+3-4kV
98
Small to medium casts require....
+5-7kV
99
Large plaster casts require...
+8-10kV
100
what is the grid ratio compensation formula?
mAs1/mAs2=GCF1/GCF2
101
Grid conversion factor for No grid
1
102
GCF for 5:1
2
103
GCF for 8:1
4
104
GCF for 12:1
5
105
GCF for 16:1
6
106
List of diseases/conditions that require double mAs
Abscess, edema, tumors, pneumonia, Sclerosis
107
List of conditions that require half the mAs
Atrophy, Emaciation, Emphysema, pneumothorax, carcinoma, gout

Quality management (1 decks)

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