QCE Biology - Unit 3 Topics 1 and 2 Flashcards
What is biodiversity?
describes the number and variety of organisms living in a geographical area, measures at the level of species/ecosystem - includes genetic variation
What is an ecosystem?
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
What are some positive attributes to the water ecosystem?
stable (doesn’t change temperature/composition easily), very buoyant (organisms can grow big), sexual reproduction occurs easily
What are some adaptations fish have developed to live well in water?
salt water fish have adaptations to remove excess salt and retain water, fresh water fish have adaptations to remove excess water and retain salt.
Why does sexual reproduction occur more easily in water?
the sperm won’t dry out on its way to the ova
What are some disadvantages to living in water?
O2 doesn’t dissolve well, disturbance limits light penetration, organisms tend to compete for light and oxygen
What are the advantages to living on land?
Explainthe transfer and transformation of solar energy into biomass as it flows through biotic components of an ecosystem?
Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy via photosynthesis.
This chemical energy flows through the ecosystem as organisms consume plants and each other.
Energy stored in biomass is transferred from one organism to another, fueling growth, reproduction, and maintenance of living organisms.
what is the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the primary method through which solar energy is captured and converted into chemical energy by plants, algae, and certain bacteria. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll pigments absorb sunlight.
What is the chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
The basic equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Here, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are converted into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy.
What is the process of Light Energy Absorption?
Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb photons of light, which excite electrons to higher energy states.
What is the process of the Electron Transport Chain?
These excited electrons move through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis.
What is the process of the Formation of Glucose?
ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin cycle to convert CO₂ into glucose, a form of chemical energy stored in the plant.
What is the process of biomass?
Glucose Utilization: The glucose produced during photosynthesis is used as a building block for more complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. These molecules make up the plant’s biomass.
Growth and Development: Plants use these organic molecules to grow, develop, and produce new cells and tissues, increasing their overall biomass.
What is Carbon Fixation?
During photosynthesis, plants fix atmospheric CO₂ into organic molecules, effectively capturing carbon and incorporating it into their biomass.
What are the primary producers role in the transfer and transformation of solar energy into biomass ?
Primary producers capture solar energy through photosynthesis, converting it into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose.
This forms the base of the food web, supplying energy to herbivores and higher trophic levels.
Primary producers also play a crucial role in the carbon cycle by fixing atmospheric CO₂ into biomass, produce oxygen as a byproduct, contribute to soil formation and stability.
What are the secondary consumers role in the transfer and transformation of solar energy into biomass ?
Secondary consumers
consume primary consumers (herbivores), transferring the chemical energy from plants up the food chain.
Biomass Conversion: They convert the biomass of primary consumers into their own biomass.
Nutrient Cycling: Their waste and decomposition ( pooping) return nutrients to the soil, supporting primary producers ( fertilisation).
Population Control: They regulate herbivore populations, preventing overgrazing and supporting plant growth.
What are the primary consumers role in the transfer and transformation of solar energy into biomass ?
Energy Transfer: They consume plants, converting the chemical energy into their own biomass, supporting higher trophic levels.
Nutrient Cycling: Their waste and decomposition return nutrients to the soil, aiding plant growth.
Supporting
Food Webs: They provide energy for secondary consumers, maintaining the ecosystem’s food web dynamics.
What are the tertiary consumers role in the transfer and transformation of solar energy into biomass ?
Energy Transfer: They consume secondary consumers, transferring the energy stored in their biomass up the food chain.
Biomass Conversion: They convert the biomass of secondary consumers into their own biomass, contributing to their growth and maintenance.
Regulation of Trophic Levels: By preying on lower trophic levels, they help regulate population sizes ( “kill them off one by one”) and maintain ecosystem balance 🙏.
Supporting Energy Flow: Their feeding behavior ensures the continued flow of energy through the food web, sustaining the ecosystem’s structure and function
What are biotic factors?
living factors - competition, predation, symbiosis, disease
What are abiotic factors?
nonliving factors - temperature, sunlight, O2
What are the 2 types of species interactions?
Intraspecific and interspecific
What are intraspecific interactions?
interactions between the same species (mate competition)
What are interspecific interactions? How many types?
interactions between different species, 5 types
What are the 5 types of interspecific interactions and what are they?
- mutualism (both species benefit - needed for survival)
- co-operation (both species benefit - not essential for survival)
- commensalism (one benefits and other unaffected)
- amensalism (one species causes harm to the other, species causing harm is unaffected)
- parasitism (parasites benefit but host harmed)
What is genetic variation?
differences that occur in individuals within a species (according to alleles they have for certain genes)
What is symbiosis?
a type of interspecific interaction where two organisms live in close association over a long period of time
What is an example of mutualism, co-operation and commensalism?
mutualism - yucca plant and moth (yucca moth pollinates the plant, in return the yucca flower is a safe space to lay eggs)
co-operation - clownfish and anemone
commensalism - bird making a nest in a tree
What is an example of amensalism and parasitism?
amensalism - cows trampling on grass (grass crushed, cattle unaffected)
parasitism - malaria in humans
What is ecosystem diversity?
the different habitats, communities and ecological processes within a geographical location. contains both abiotic and biotic components
What are the 4 main categories that make terrestrial environments more variable than aquatic ecosystems? (mnemonic in case you can’t remember this;) - crazy goats push ballerinas 🐐)
- chemical (nature of soil)
- geographical (altitude, topography)
- physical (buoyancy or lack of)
- biological
What are some measures of biodiversity? (name 4:))
percentage cover, percentage frequency, species evenness and richness
Infectious pathogens have the ability to reduce population numbers significantly when __________ _______ increases. why?
population density.
this is because individuals living in close proximity and sharing resources have higher transmission rates of infectious disease. this leads to a high rate of infection, therefore, high mortality can reduce the population over time
What is mortality?
ratio of deaths to the total population of a species
What does the terrestrial ecosystem ultimately depend on?
the producers (vegetation)
What is vertical stratification?
A multitude of vertical layers which contain many niches due to varying environmental conditions
What is a biosphere?
portion of earth that supports life
What are the 5 levels of ecology? (mnemonic for everyone: beautiful engineers chased purple orangutans)
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
What is a population?
the same species living in the same habitat at the same time
What is a community?
different species living in the same habitat at the same time
What does ‘distribution’ refer to?
where a particular species is found
What are the 3 types of distribution?
random (no pattern)
uniform/evenly spaced
clumped (clustered in particular parts of an area)
What is abundance vs relative abundance?
abundance is the population of a species in a selected area. useful for comparing populations of one species across multiple sites.
relative abundance compares the abundance of a species to the abundance of other species living in the same area. useful for determining the most dominant/rare species in an area.
increases in salinity reduce the ability of freshwater plants and fish to obtain water through _______
osmosis
The Holdridge Life Zone System is mostly _______ based
climate
what is the specht’s classification system?
a system of classifying ecosystems by using the foliage cover of the plants and the MEDIAN height of the plants
What is species richness?
measure of number of species in an area, measured by number of species and evenness in relation to one another
Environments with a high species richness not only have many __________ _________ but also many _________ _______
individual organisms, different species
Environments with a low species richness may have many ___________ but only a few _________ _______
individuals, different species
How to calculate species richness using the Menhinick Index? What does each letter stand for?
S = s/√N - S is species richness, s is total number of different species, N is total number of individual organisms
When calculating species richness, the response will always be between 0 and 1. what response is considered ‘rich’?
a response close to 1
What is species evenness (relative species abundance)?
how common a species is relative to all other individuals in a defined location
How to calculate species evenness/relative species abundance? What is the alternative method?
RSA = no. of individuals in a species / total no. of organisms × 100. or, you can calculate the range (higher range = more even)
What is species diversity?
the number and abundance of species in a community
What is Simpson’s Index?
measures the probability 2 randomly selected individuals wil be of the SAME species.
How do you calculate D (Simpson’s Index)? What does each letter stand for?
D = ∑n(n-1) / N (N-1) n stands for all individuals in a species, N stands for total organisms for all species
How to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index?
1 - D
What are the 3 ecosystems related to the ecosystem management chapter?
coral reefs, old growth forests, productive soils
What is random sampling?
Sampling an area in such a way that every part of the area has an equal chance of being picked
What is percentage cover?
an estimate of the amount of a selected area covered by living organisms
What is percentage frequency?
number of times a species occurs within a survey of quadrat samples
How to calculate percentage frequency?
% freq. = number of occurrences/number of samples × 100
What are some examples for the measurement of biotic factors?
plot method (quadrat used to measure a specific point) transects (belt (rectangular shaped), line (only things along the line), strip census (looking both sides of the line))
What is the capture-recapture method?
measurement for things that move around a lot, good for measuring density of organisms. used with Lincoln index
What is the Lincoln Index? What does each letter stand for?
part of the capture-recapture method - N = M x n / m
N is estimated size of population
M is no. originally marked
n is total gotten in recapture
m is number in recapture who were marked
What is divergent and convergent evolution?
divergent - species with common ancestor change to become different over time
convergent - unrelated species developing similar characteristics
What are homologous structures?
similar structures but with different functions (whale flippers /human arms)
What are analagous structures?
Different structure but same function (flippers of penguins and dolphins)
What are vestigial structures?
remnants of structures (evolutionary ‘leftovers’) that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors (appendix, wings of flightless birds). they are homologous structures to other functional ones in closely related organisms.
What are the 8 stages of hierarchical arrangement in the Linnaean system? (mnemonic time!! Doctor Karl Peters Comes Over For Good Spaghetti)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What does the Linneaen taxonomy classify organisms by?
physical differences, cell structures, reproductive structures in plants
What does cladistics classify organisms by?
classifies organisms by grouping them according to evolutionary relatedness through common ancestors. separated by shared/derived characteristics
In cladograms, what are shared and derived characteristics?
shared - characteristics which all members of the group have
derived - characteristic which separates on group (clade) from another
What is cladogenesis/bifurcation?
splitting of an evolutionary lineage into 2 lineages through divergent evolution
What are the 3 assumptions of cladistics?
- any group of organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor
- cladogenesis (bifurcating pattern - new organisms may arise when populations divide into exactly 2 groups)
- change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time
⭐multi-choice question time!⭐
cladistics differs from Linnaen classification because it…
A) focuses on homologous structures.
B) is more technologically complicated.
C) does not consider derived characteristics.
D) focuses on phylogenetic analysis
the answer is D:)
phylogenetic analysis is a method used to infer the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of organisms based on their genetic characteristics. phylogenetic trees can be made by analysing data from DNA sequencing, or by comparing DNA nitrogen bases of two species, including other methods. sorry for the long answer:))
What is a clade?
group of organisms on a cladogram believed to comprise a common ancestor and all its evolutionary descendants
What are molecular clocks?
models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time
Why is mitochondrial DNA used to trace genetic lines?
The mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother only, and has a higher rate of mutation than nuclear DNA making it easier to compare differences between closely related individuals.
Why are there multiple definitions for species?
because some species definitions cannot be applied to organisms that don’t reproduce sexually. For example, many organisms reproduce asexually (producing clones), undergo parthenogenesis or transition between sexual and asexual.
What are K-strategists?
species whose populations fluctuate at or around carrying capacity (K) of the environment in which they live, occupy a stable environment, have a long gestation period and offer their offspring lots of care, competitive for resources
What are r-strategists?
produce a large number of offspring without parental investment, live in unstable, unpredictable environments, they have an advantage to reproducing quickly, produce many offspring when conditions are favourable, not competitive for resources
What is an example of an interspecific hybrid that doesn’t produce fertile offspring and why?
Lions and tigers producing a liger. Serological tests involve studying the antigens and antibodies in the blood of different species. Lions and tigers have distinct proteins and other molecules in their blood that are detected through serological tests. Hybridization can result in an altered combination of these molecules, potentially leading to issues in reproductivity or fertility.
What is a microhabitat?
a small, specialised habitat within a larger habitat
What is a biome?
A large geographical area that is defined by its predominant vegetation and climate
What is an ecozone?
a large area where organisms have been evolving in isolation for a long period of time. separated from each other by geographical barriers and can contain multiple biomes for this reason