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Neuro Shelf > QBank Stuff > Flashcards

QBank Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome

A

Presents with small body size, microcephaly, digital hypolasia, nail hypolasia, midfacial hypolasia, hirutism, cleft palate and rib anomalies. Common with phenyotin and carbamazepine

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2
Q

Clozapine

A

Second generation antipsychotic that is gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Can cause agranulocytosis

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3
Q

Anterior spinal cord infarction

A

Potential complication of thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery and typically presents with spinal shock (abrupt onset of bilateral flaccid paralysis and loss of pain/temp below the level of spinal injury. Upper motor neuron signs subsequently develop over days to weeks. Vibration and proprioception are usually preserved

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4
Q

prion disease

A

behavioral changes rapidly progressive myoclonus and/or seizrues

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5
Q

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)

A

Presents in young obses women with headache vision changes and pulsatile tinnitus. Diagnosis involves ocular examination, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture. papilledema is not a contraindiactaion to LP in the absence of obstructive/noncommunicating hydrocephalus or mass lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is normal in IIH with the exception of elevated opening pressure (>250 mm H2O). Empty sella is common.

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6
Q

papilledema

A

Caused by increased intracranial pressure and presents with transient vision loss last a few secons with changes in head position.

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7
Q

cephalohematoma

A

subperiosteal hemorrhage, and presents a few hours after birth as scalp swelling limited to one cranial bone. most cases do not require treatment and resorb spontaneously within 2 weeks to 3 months

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8
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

syndromes characterized by nonprogressive motor dysfunction. The 3 primary subtypes - spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic- are often multifactorial in etiology. CP is usually caused by prenatal insults to brain development with premature birth before 32 weeks gestation as the greatest risk factor. Spastic diplegia is the form most commonly seen in preterm infants. It presents as hypertonia and hyperreflexia that involve predominantly the lower extremeties with both feet pointing down adn inward. Resistance to passive muscle movement increases with more rapid movement of the affected extremity. Many patients with CP suffer from vision, hearing, speech, or other impairments. 50% of patients have intellectual disability

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9
Q

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

A

Facial/opthalmic venous system is valveless. uncontrolled infection of the skin can result in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Red-flag symptoms include severe headache, bilateral periorbital edema and cranial nerve III, IV, V and VI deficits

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10
Q

Neurofibromatosis 1

A

Cafe au lait. macrocephaly. feeding problems, short stature, learning disabilities. cutaneous neurofibromas, pheocromocytoma, lish nodules

autosomal dominant

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11
Q

Neurofibromatosis 2

A

bilateral acoustic neuromas and cataracts

meningiomas and ependymomas

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12
Q

Dementia

A
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13
Q

Amourosis fugax

A

Painless loss of vision from emboli. warning sign of impending stroke. most emboli come from carotid bifurcation. duplex ultrasound of neck should be performed

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14
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

Characterized by an urge to move the legs adn is accompanied by dysesthesias that are worsened by inactivity and improved with movement. Symptoms are worse in the evening/nigh. Treatment includes iron supplementation for iron deficiency, conservative measures, and pharmacotherapy with dopamine agonsists (pramipexole) or alpha-2-delta calcium channel ligands (gabapentin)

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15
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy

A

Thiamine deficiency. Encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, and gait ataxia. This condition may be induced iatrogenically in suceptible patients by administration fo glucose without thiamine. Chronic thiamine deificency can also cause Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by irreversible amnesia, confabulation, and apathy

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16
Q

Myopathy

A
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17
Q

Lacunar strokes

A
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18
Q

Gaucher disease

A

Hepatosplenomegal, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, ascpetic necrosis of femur, bone crises, Gauche cell (lipid-laden macrophages resembling crumpled tissue paper); treatment is recombinant glucocerebrosidase

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19
Q

Niemann-Pick disease

A

Deficiency of sphingomyelinase; progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages); cherry red spot on macula

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20
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

Hexosaminidase A deficiency - Progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, cherry-red spot on macula; lysosomes with onion skin, no hepatosplenomegaly

21
Q

Krabbe Disease

A

Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells; deficiency of galactocerebrosidase

22
Q

Metachromatic leukodistrophy

A

central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia, dementia; deficienc in arysulfatase

23
Q

Sequelae of Bacterial Meningitis

A

Hearing loss, loss of cognitive functions, seizures, mental retardation, spasticity or paresis

24
Q

Sturge Weber

A

STURGE-Weber: Sporadic, port-wine Stain; Tram track calcifications (opposing gyri); Unilateral;
Retardation (intellectual disability); Glaucoma; GNAQ gene; Epilepsy.

25
Q

Cushing Reflex

A

Hypertension, Bradycardia, Depressed Respiration

26
Q

Conus vs. Cauda

A
27
Q

Lateral medullary infarct

A

Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus;
decreased pain and temperature sensation
from ipsilateral face and
contralateral body; dysphagia,
hoarseness, decreased gag reflex;
ipsilateral Horner syndrome;
ataxia, dysmetria.

28
Q

Central Cord Syndrome

A

Results from hyperextension injuries, particularly in elderly patiens with spondylosis. it is characterizd by weakness that is more pronounced in teh upper extremities than the lower and may be accompanied by a localized deficit in pain and temperature sensation

29
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

Hamartomas in CNS and skin; Angiofibromas C ; Mitral regurgitation; Ash-leaf
spots D; cardiac Rhabdomyoma; (Tuberous sclerosis); autosomal dOminant; Mental retardation
(intellectual disability); renal Angiomyolipoma E ; Seizures, Shagreen patches. increase incidence of
subependymal astrocytomas and ungual fibromas.

30
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Smooth philtrum

thin vermilion border

small palpebral fissures

microcephaly

31
Q

Diagnosising acute glaucoma

A

Gold standard - gonioscopy (using a prism with a slit lamp to visualize the iridocorneal angle)

Tonometry -measure IOP

32
Q

Prochlorperazine

A

antiemetic that can be used for acute migraine (metoclopramide and chlorpromazine can be used as well)

33
Q

Neuroimaging findings in psychiatric disorders

A

Autism: increased total brain volume

OCD: abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex & striatum

Panic disorder: Decreased volume amygdala

PTSD: decreased hipocampal volume

Schizophreni: Enlargement fo cerbral ventricles

34
Q

Mast cell stabalizing agents (for the eye)

A

Olopatadine and azelastine - treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

35
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion

A

Presents with subacute monocular visual loss. “blood and thunder” appearance on fundoscopic exam consisting of optic disk swelling, retinal hemorrhage, dilated veins, and cotton wool spot

36
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Sudden, painless loss fo vision in one eye and the funduscopic examination revelas pallor of the optic disk, a cherry red fovea adn boxcar segmentation fo blood in the reitnal veins

37
Q

CMV Retinitis

A

Occurs when the CD4 count is less than 50/ul.

On fundoscopy, yellow-white patches fo retinal opacificatino and hemorrhages

38
Q

Ocular toxoplasmosis

A

Characterized by typical severe necrotizing retinochoroditis. More than half of patients with ocular manifestations have

encephalitis. the necrosis involves the inner layers of retina

which appears as white fluffy lesions surrounded by retinal edema and vitirtis

39
Q

Herpes zoster opthalmicus

A

fever, malaise and burnign, itching sensation in the periorbital

region. Examination reveals a vesicular rash in trigeminal distribution V1. Conjuncitivtis and dendriform corneal ulcers

are characteristic markers of eye involvement

40
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

infection of the lacrimal sac.

Sudden onset of pain and redness in the medial canthal region

purulent discharge is noted from the punctum

staph aureus and beta-hemolytic Streptococcus

41
Q

Episcleritis

A

Infection fo the episcleral tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera. acute onset of mild moderate discomfort, photophobia and watery discharge

42
Q

Hordeolum

A

absess located over the upper or lower eyelid. staph aureus. localized red, tender swelling over eyelid

43
Q

Chalazion

A

Presents as lid discomfort. Chronic, granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland

44
Q

Orbital cellulitis

A

infection of the orbital soft tissue posterior to the orbital septum

pain with eye movements, proptosis (bulging of eye out of orbit), opthalmoplegia adn diplopia.

Bacterial sinusitis is the most common predisposing factor

45
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

A

3-4 months of age. Hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia.

Doll-like face, thin extremties, short stature, protuberant abdomen.

May have hypoglycemic siezures

46
Q

Shy-Drager syndrome

A

Parkinsonisms

Autonomic dysfunction

Widespread neurological signs

47
Q

Trachoma

A

Follicular conjunctivitis and pannus (neovascularization) formation in the cornea

Chlamydia trachomatis

48
Q

Primidone

A

Anticonvulsant. Can be used for essential tremor. Can cause intermittent porphyria, which can be diagnosed by checking urine porphobilinogen

49
Q

Gonoccocal conjunctivitis

A

Copious purulent ocular drainage and eyelid swelling in a 2 - 5 day old newborn.

Can be prevented with topical erythromycin ointment within 1 hour of birth

Chlamydia would be 5-14 days after birth

Neuro Shelf (2 decks)

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