QBank Stuff Flashcards
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
Presents with small body size, microcephaly, digital hypolasia, nail hypolasia, midfacial hypolasia, hirutism, cleft palate and rib anomalies. Common with phenyotin and carbamazepine
Clozapine
Second generation antipsychotic that is gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Can cause agranulocytosis
Anterior spinal cord infarction
Potential complication of thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery and typically presents with spinal shock (abrupt onset of bilateral flaccid paralysis and loss of pain/temp below the level of spinal injury. Upper motor neuron signs subsequently develop over days to weeks. Vibration and proprioception are usually preserved
prion disease
behavioral changes rapidly progressive myoclonus and/or seizrues
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)
Presents in young obses women with headache vision changes and pulsatile tinnitus. Diagnosis involves ocular examination, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture. papilledema is not a contraindiactaion to LP in the absence of obstructive/noncommunicating hydrocephalus or mass lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is normal in IIH with the exception of elevated opening pressure (>250 mm H2O). Empty sella is common.
papilledema
Caused by increased intracranial pressure and presents with transient vision loss last a few secons with changes in head position.
cephalohematoma
subperiosteal hemorrhage, and presents a few hours after birth as scalp swelling limited to one cranial bone. most cases do not require treatment and resorb spontaneously within 2 weeks to 3 months
Cerebral Palsy
syndromes characterized by nonprogressive motor dysfunction. The 3 primary subtypes - spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic- are often multifactorial in etiology. CP is usually caused by prenatal insults to brain development with premature birth before 32 weeks gestation as the greatest risk factor. Spastic diplegia is the form most commonly seen in preterm infants. It presents as hypertonia and hyperreflexia that involve predominantly the lower extremeties with both feet pointing down adn inward. Resistance to passive muscle movement increases with more rapid movement of the affected extremity. Many patients with CP suffer from vision, hearing, speech, or other impairments. 50% of patients have intellectual disability
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Facial/opthalmic venous system is valveless. uncontrolled infection of the skin can result in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Red-flag symptoms include severe headache, bilateral periorbital edema and cranial nerve III, IV, V and VI deficits
Neurofibromatosis 1
Cafe au lait. macrocephaly. feeding problems, short stature, learning disabilities. cutaneous neurofibromas, pheocromocytoma, lish nodules
autosomal dominant
Neurofibromatosis 2
bilateral acoustic neuromas and cataracts
meningiomas and ependymomas
Dementia
Amourosis fugax
Painless loss of vision from emboli. warning sign of impending stroke. most emboli come from carotid bifurcation. duplex ultrasound of neck should be performed
Restless Leg Syndrome
Characterized by an urge to move the legs adn is accompanied by dysesthesias that are worsened by inactivity and improved with movement. Symptoms are worse in the evening/nigh. Treatment includes iron supplementation for iron deficiency, conservative measures, and pharmacotherapy with dopamine agonsists (pramipexole) or alpha-2-delta calcium channel ligands (gabapentin)
Wernicke encephalopathy
Thiamine deficiency. Encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, and gait ataxia. This condition may be induced iatrogenically in suceptible patients by administration fo glucose without thiamine. Chronic thiamine deificency can also cause Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by irreversible amnesia, confabulation, and apathy
Myopathy
Lacunar strokes
Gaucher disease
Hepatosplenomegal, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, ascpetic necrosis of femur, bone crises, Gauche cell (lipid-laden macrophages resembling crumpled tissue paper); treatment is recombinant glucocerebrosidase
Niemann-Pick disease
Deficiency of sphingomyelinase; progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages); cherry red spot on macula
Tay-Sachs
Hexosaminidase A deficiency - Progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, cherry-red spot on macula; lysosomes with onion skin, no hepatosplenomegaly
Krabbe Disease
Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells; deficiency of galactocerebrosidase
Metachromatic leukodistrophy
central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia, dementia; deficienc in arysulfatase
Sequelae of Bacterial Meningitis
Hearing loss, loss of cognitive functions, seizures, mental retardation, spasticity or paresis
Sturge Weber
STURGE-Weber: Sporadic, port-wine Stain; Tram track calcifications (opposing gyri); Unilateral;
Retardation (intellectual disability); Glaucoma; GNAQ gene; Epilepsy.
Cushing Reflex
Hypertension, Bradycardia, Depressed Respiration
Conus vs. Cauda
Lateral medullary infarct
Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus;
decreased pain and temperature sensation
from ipsilateral face and
contralateral body; dysphagia,
hoarseness, decreased gag reflex;
ipsilateral Horner syndrome;
ataxia, dysmetria.
Central Cord Syndrome
Results from hyperextension injuries, particularly in elderly patiens with spondylosis. it is characterizd by weakness that is more pronounced in teh upper extremities than the lower and may be accompanied by a localized deficit in pain and temperature sensation
tuberous sclerosis
Hamartomas in CNS and skin; Angiofibromas C ; Mitral regurgitation; Ash-leaf
spots D; cardiac Rhabdomyoma; (Tuberous sclerosis); autosomal dOminant; Mental retardation
(intellectual disability); renal Angiomyolipoma E ; Seizures, Shagreen patches. increase incidence of
subependymal astrocytomas and ungual fibromas.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Smooth philtrum
thin vermilion border
small palpebral fissures
microcephaly
Diagnosising acute glaucoma
Gold standard - gonioscopy (using a prism with a slit lamp to visualize the iridocorneal angle)
Tonometry -measure IOP
Prochlorperazine
antiemetic that can be used for acute migraine (metoclopramide and chlorpromazine can be used as well)
Neuroimaging findings in psychiatric disorders
Autism: increased total brain volume
OCD: abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex & striatum
Panic disorder: Decreased volume amygdala
PTSD: decreased hipocampal volume
Schizophreni: Enlargement fo cerbral ventricles
Mast cell stabalizing agents (for the eye)
Olopatadine and azelastine - treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
Central retinal vein occlusion
Presents with subacute monocular visual loss. “blood and thunder” appearance on fundoscopic exam consisting of optic disk swelling, retinal hemorrhage, dilated veins, and cotton wool spot
Central retinal artery occlusion
Sudden, painless loss fo vision in one eye and the funduscopic examination revelas pallor of the optic disk, a cherry red fovea adn boxcar segmentation fo blood in the reitnal veins
CMV Retinitis
Occurs when the CD4 count is less than 50/ul.
On fundoscopy, yellow-white patches fo retinal opacificatino and hemorrhages
Ocular toxoplasmosis
Characterized by typical severe necrotizing retinochoroditis. More than half of patients with ocular manifestations have
encephalitis. the necrosis involves the inner layers of retina
which appears as white fluffy lesions surrounded by retinal edema and vitirtis
Herpes zoster opthalmicus
fever, malaise and burnign, itching sensation in the periorbital
region. Examination reveals a vesicular rash in trigeminal distribution V1. Conjuncitivtis and dendriform corneal ulcers
are characteristic markers of eye involvement
Dacryocystitis
infection of the lacrimal sac.
Sudden onset of pain and redness in the medial canthal region
purulent discharge is noted from the punctum
staph aureus and beta-hemolytic Streptococcus
Episcleritis
Infection fo the episcleral tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera. acute onset of mild moderate discomfort, photophobia and watery discharge
Hordeolum
absess located over the upper or lower eyelid. staph aureus. localized red, tender swelling over eyelid
Chalazion
Presents as lid discomfort. Chronic, granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland
Orbital cellulitis
infection of the orbital soft tissue posterior to the orbital septum
pain with eye movements, proptosis (bulging of eye out of orbit), opthalmoplegia adn diplopia.
Bacterial sinusitis is the most common predisposing factor
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
3-4 months of age. Hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia.
Doll-like face, thin extremties, short stature, protuberant abdomen.
May have hypoglycemic siezures
Shy-Drager syndrome
Parkinsonisms
Autonomic dysfunction
Widespread neurological signs
Trachoma
Follicular conjunctivitis and pannus (neovascularization) formation in the cornea
Chlamydia trachomatis
Primidone
Anticonvulsant. Can be used for essential tremor. Can cause intermittent porphyria, which can be diagnosed by checking urine porphobilinogen
Gonoccocal conjunctivitis
Copious purulent ocular drainage and eyelid swelling in a 2 - 5 day old newborn.
Can be prevented with topical erythromycin ointment within 1 hour of birth
Chlamydia would be 5-14 days after birth
