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STEP1 - TLe > QB - MICRO > Flashcards

QB - MICRO Flashcards

1
Q

Calicivirus

A

Viral gastroenteritis

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2
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

Parainfluenza virus - croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
RSV (bronchiolitis)
Measles
Mumps

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3
Q

Parvovirus

A

B19

    • Aplastic crises in sickle cell anemia patients; symmetric peripheral arthropathy in females
    • Erythema infectiosum (5th disease) in children - “slapped cheek” appearance
    • Hydrops fetalis in fetus
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4
Q

Rubella

A

Maculopapular rash
Occipital and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Rash spreads head –> inferiorly –> trunk and extremities

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5
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

V-shaped (acute angle) branching hyphae

Invasive aspergillosis in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients (neutropenics)
Fungus balls in old lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

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6
Q

Rhizopus & Mucor

A

NON-SEPTATE hyphae at RIGHT angles
Infect paranasal sinuses

Diabetics, burns, immunocompromised

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7
Q

Facial/periorbital pain, headache, purulent nasal discharge; black eschar on palate or nasal turbinates can be seen; what does organism look like?

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia fungi
Only in mold form
Broad, nonseptate hyphase that branch @ wide, often 90o angles

Rx: surgical debridement of necrotic tissue; amphotericin B

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8
Q

What other organisms share similar site of infection as Mucor/Rhizopus?

A

Invasive aspergillosis

Unlike Mucor&Rhizopus, Aspergillus has septate hyphase that branch at 45 angles (V-shaped branching)

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9
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Meningitis + lung infections (AIDS)
Yeast form - spread by respiratory droplets
HIV patient exposed to soil + bird droppings
Yeast has thick polysaccharide capsule - avoids phagocytosis
India ink stain of CSF (wide clear zone around nucleus)

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10
Q

Vibrio cholera

A

Water-borne gastroenteritis
Oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods
Prefers highly ALKALINE environment

Pts. w/ achlorhydria or been on proton pump inhibitor meds for a long time (e.g. Omeprazole) at risk because stomach loses its acidity –> Cholera passes through stomach to inhabit small intestine

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11
Q

Rhabdoviridae (Rabies)

A

SS RNA virus - bullet shaped w/ glycoprotein spikes
Binds acetylcholine receptors
Pts infected: agitation, phayngospasm, hypersalivation

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12
Q

Viruses + Cellular Receptor

  1. CMV
  2. EBV
  3. HIV
  4. Rabies
  5. Rhinovirus
A 
EBV = CR2 (CD21)
HIV = CD4 & CXCR4/CCR5
Rabies = Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Rhinovirus = ICAM1 (CD54)
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13
Q

X-linked recessive

A

Oblivious females will give her boys her x-Linked diseases.

Ocular albinism
Fabry's
Wiskott-Aldrich
G6PD Deficiency
Hemophilia A&B
Brutton's agammaglobulinemia
Hunter's syndrome
Lesch-Nyhan
Duchenne's dystrophy
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14
Q

Parvovirus B19

A 
Erythema infectiosum (5th disease)
Aplastic crises (sickle cell anemia pts.)
Hydrops fetalis (~20th weeks)
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15
Q

Encapsulated organisms

A 
Neisseria
Haemophilus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella
Group B Strep
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16
Q

L. monocytogenes (Listeria)

A

Immunocompromised
Unpasteurized milk, undercooked meats, unwashed veggies
Tumbling motility

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17
Q

Vaccine: Capsular polysaccharide

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. influenzae

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18
Q

Vaccine: Live attenuated bacteria

A

BCG - tuberculosis & typhi (outside US)

Measles, mumps, rotavirus, Varicella zoster, SABIN

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19
Q

Vaccine: Killed bacteria

A

Anthrax
Cholera
Pertussis
Plague (Yersinia pestis)

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20
Q

Vaccine: Inactivated toxin

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

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21
Q

Vaccine: Recombinant surface protein

A

Hep B

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22
Q

Mycoplasma

A

LACK peptidoglycan wall

Treat w/ Macrolides or Tetracyclines

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23
Q

Spirochetes

A

Syphilis
Borelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Leptospira

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24
Q

Cold agglutinins

A

Mycoplasma infection

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25
Q

Positive FTA-ABS

A

T. pallidum (syphilis)

Can also use VDRL test, RRP test (cardiolipin)

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26
Q

Herpes simplex

A

VESICULAR skin lesions
DNA virus - enveloped & icosahedral
Neonates - encephalitis

stress brings about HSV-1 outbreaks

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27
Q

TORCH (congenital diseases)

A

Toxoplasmosis - chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (mom exposure to cat litterbox)

CMV - blueberry muffin rash, petechiae (vs. rubella - rubella has PDA, cataracts, deafness)

Rubella - cataracts, blueberry muffin rash

Syphilis - saddle nose, hemorraghing from nose, Hutchinson’s teeth (saber shins)

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28
Q

**Vaginal itching (yeast infection) - discharge

A

White - Candida
Pseudohyphae and budding yeasts (20C); Germ tubes (37C)

Yellow - Trichimonas

Grey - BV (bacterial vaginosis)

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29
Q

Poxvirus

A

Only DNA virus that replicates in cytoplasm (all others replicate in nucleus)

dsDNA complex lipid envelope

Only DNA virus that is brick shaped (all other DNA viruses are icosahedral)

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30
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Explosive flatulence (chocolate fatty - bad smell!)
Watery diarrhea, recent travels
Crescent shaped protozoa

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31
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Bloody diarrhea - cysts or trophozoites in stool

Flask shaped ulcers

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32
Q

Klebsiella

A

Current jelly sputum

Alcohol/hospital

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33
Q

RSV

A

Pediatrics

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34
Q

HIV

A

Diagnose babies that has positive ELISA and Western Blot

PCR - how much of the virus is there (confirmatory HIV infection)

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35
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Encephalitis

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36
Q

Missouri, Ohio (Central US)

A

Histoplasmosis - hides inside macrophages (intracellular yeast)

Pilot’s wheel: paracoiccidiodes
Encapsulated budding yeast: Coccidioides

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37
Q

Trichomonas

A

Motile trophozoites

Vaginal itching - yellow

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38
Q

Picornavirus

A

ssRNA virus, nonsegmented naked
Coxsackie

39
Q

S. aureus

A 
Protein A (keeps itself from being phagocytosed)
causes abscess

Gram +, coagulase +, catalase +

40
Q

HPV

A 
Koilocytes (seen on Pap smear)
--
Owl's eyes inclusions - CMV
Cowdry - Herpes
Negri bodies - rabies
41
Q

RSV - paramyxovirus

A

Kid - pneumonia, bronchiolitis

42
Q

Group B Strep

A

Strep Agalactiae
Newborn - nuchal rigidity, bulging fontanelles (meningitis)

Bacitracin resistant

43
Q

Silver staining cyst

A

Pneumocystic jirovecii

44
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

Roses - gardener

45
Q

Varicella, Zoster

A

Sacral root ganglia - HSV2
Trigeminal root ganglia - HSV1

46
Q

Plamodium falciparum

A

WORSE malarial type! Southeast Asia

47
Q

Babesiosis

A

Northeast US (New England)

48
Q

Charcoal yeast extract

A

Legionellla pneumophila

49
Q

PML

A

JC virus reactivation
Giant cell oligodendrocytes
De-myelination (white matter)

HIV/AIDS patients

50
Q

Mumps

A

Orchitis, parotid glands swollen

Synctia formation - many cells conglomeruate to make a giant cell (avoid antibodies this way)

51
Q

Pnuemocystis jirovecii

A

Pulmonary problem in AIDS patient

52
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Spores - affect babies
Toxin - affect adults
Floppy baby syndrome

53
Q

Differentiate btwn EHEC, EIEC, Shigella

A

EIEC - does NOT make a toxin

EHEC - HUS (anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure) – remember triad!! Doesn’t ferment sorbitol

Shigella - invades host cells (removes adenine from rRNA)

54
Q

Lecithinase production

A

Clostridium perfringens

Lecithinase also called alpha toxin or PHOSPHOLIPASE C

destroys RBCs, Leukocytes, endothelial cells –> tissue necrosis “gas gangrene”

55
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome (etiological cause)

A

Demyelinating syndrome of peripheral nerves (ascending muscle weakness/paralysis)

Campylobacter jejuni –> infectious diarrhea

56
Q

Virus w/ partially double-stranded circular DNA molecule; has RT DNA polymerase; makes intermediate + single-stranded RNA template & dsDNA progeny

A

Hepatitis B

57
Q

Viruses with segmented genomes; clinical significance of segmented genome?

A 
Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)
Rotavirus

Segmented genome allows for genetic reassortment –> genetic shifts occur

contrast w/ genetic drift (via point mutations)

58
Q

Patient has sharply demarcated salmon-colored plaques - loosely adherent, silvery scale; some nail changes; what other complaints will patient have?

A

Psoriasis (condition)

associated w/ psoriatic arthritis (potential complication)

59
Q

How can NSAIDs cause adverse pulmonary symptoms?

A

Inhibit COX pathway –> shunts over to leukotriene pathway –> precipiate asthma attacks

60
Q

HIV virus env gene

A

env gene glycosylated –> gp160
gp160 proteolytically cleaved in ER –> gp120 and gp41

gp120 = viral absorption by binding to CD4 receptor

gp41 anchors gp120 through noncovalent bonds - mediates fusion process

61
Q

Candidiasis - who is at risk?

A 
HIV+ patients
Diabetes mellitus
Cancer
Asthma patients on oral/inhaled steroids
Systemic antibiotic therapy
Dentures
62
Q

Produces potent exotoxin associated w/ cardiac and neural toxicity

A

C. diphtheriae –> bacterial toxin-mediated axonal damage

also causes pseudomembranous pharyngitis

63
Q

Difference btwn EHEC O157:H7 and rest of E. coli

A

EHEC unable to ferment sorbitol on MacConkey agar & lacks glucuronidase

64
Q

EHEC

A

hemorrhagic colitis (undercooked hamburger meat)

Shiga-like toxin inactivate 60S ribosomal subunit

HUS – thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal insufficienct (uremia)

65
Q

ETEC toxins

A

LT and ST

66
Q

Bacteria toxins that activate adenylate cyclase (cAMP)

A

Pertussis toxin
Edema factor (B. anthracis)
Heat labile toxin (ETEC)
C. jejuni enterotoxin (Campylobacter jejuni)
Heat labile enterotoxin (Bacillus cereus)
Choleragen toxin (V. cholerae)

Increase cAMP –> increased secretion of Na+, Cl-, and H20 into intestinal lumen –> diarrhea

67
Q

Bacteria toxins that activate guanylate cyclase (cGMP)

A

Heat stable toxin (ETEC)
Y. enterocolitica enterotoxin (Yersinia enerocolitica)

Increase intracellular cGMP –> watery diarrhea + electrolyte loss

68
Q

Bacteria toxins that inactivate EF-2

A 
Diphtheria toxin
Exotoxin A (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Inhibit protein synthesis (catalyze ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 –> protein inactivated)

69
Q

Bacteria exotoxin that disrupts cytoskeleton

A

Clostridium difficile –> depolymerize actin –> cell death

70
Q

Mechanism by which Shigellosis initiates infection

A

Specificity to M cells in Peyer’s patches in ileum (endocytosis)

S. sonnei common in US
Ulceration w/ hemorrhage & diarrhea

71
Q

Common cause of otitis media; vaccine against what part of bacteria?

A

H. influenzae common cause of otitis media

Vaccine against polysaccharide capsule – strains that do not produce capsule = nontypable; Nontypable is not susceptible to Hib vaccine

72
Q

Blastomycosis dermatitidis

A

Great Lakes, Missisippi, Ohio River
found in mold form in soil and animals (dogs, horses)

flu-like illness: pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis

pulmonary blastomycosis –> granuloma formation

73
Q

Virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

“Serpentine” pattern - prescence of cord factor

Cord factor = mycoside = two mycolic acid molecules bound to disaccharide trehalose

Cord factor inactivates neutrophils, damages mitochondria, induces release of tumor necrosis factor

74
Q

Superantigens of Staph and Strep; mechanism?

A

Widespread T cell activation - bind nonspecifically to T cell receptors and CD4+ T cells

75
Q

ETEC
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio cholera
Yersinia enterocolitica

Mechanism of pathogenesis?

A

Release exotoxins –> electrolyte transport

cAMP –> active efflux of Na+ and Cl- –> water follows –> diarrhea

76
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Release alpha-toxin or phospholipase C –> degrades cell membrane phospholipids –> cell destruction

77
Q

Prophylactic Rx for M. tuberculosis or positive PPD conversion

A

Isoniazid

78
Q

Rifampin is prophylactic Rx for what organisms?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

H. influenzae

79
Q

Penicillin is treatment for which organisms?

A

Treponema (syphilis)
Neisseria (gonorrhea)
Gram + bacteria

80
Q

TMP-SMX is prophylactic treatment for what organisms?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci - pneumonia (fever, non-productive cough)
Toxoplasma gondii

81
Q

Prophylactic treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

A

Opportunistic pathogen causing disseminated disease in HIV+ patients

Azithromycin

82
Q

Legionella pneumonia

A

High fever
Bradycardia
Watery diarrhea - due to ingestion of organism via contaminated water source
Hyponatremia**
Gram stain – see A LOT of neutrophils but very little organisms (intracellular organism)

Unilobar lung infiltrate –> consolidation

83
Q

Organism stains positive in mucicarmine stain; what is stain used for and what fungus stains positive?

A

Stains polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans (virulence factor)

Organism is round yeast cells w/ narrow-based buds

84
Q

Cysteine-tellurite agar

A

C. diphtheriae –> black colonies

85
Q

Thayer-Martin VCN medium

A

Neisseria species

VCN = vancomycin, colistin (polymyxin), nystatin

86
Q

Aseptic meningitis & herpangina (painful mouth blisters) in children

A

Coxsackie virus

87
Q

Hemiparesis
Visual field defects (hemianopsia)
Cognitive impairment

A

PML due to JC virus

88
Q

Cause of aplastic crises in sickle cell anemia pts.

Causes hydrops fetalis in fetus

A

Parvovirus B19

89
Q

Heterophil antibody-negative mononucleosis

A

CMV

Contrast w/ heterophil antibody-positive (Mono-spot positive) mononucleosis: EBV

90
Q

S. haematobium

vs. S. mansoni
vs. S. japonicum

A

S. haematobium: urinary schistosomiasis
S. mansoni: intestinal schistosomiasis
S. japonicum: hepatic schistosomiasis

91
Q

Rabies virus reservoir in US

A

Bats

92
Q

Hydatid cyst in humans – following ingestion of food; what is intermediate host?

A

Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)

Sheep are intermediate host

93
Q

Gram - diplococci within leukocytes; cultured on Thayer-Martin VCN (vancomycin, colistin, nystatin) selective media; what is organism?

A

N. gonorrhea

94
Q

What virus acquires its lipid bilayer envelope from host cell NUCLEAR membrane?

A

CMV (Herpesvirus)

Most other viruses acquire envelope from host cell PLASMA membrane (e.g. Hep C & Mumps)

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