QAQC Flashcards
FACILITY IN WHICH AN X-RAY SYSTEM(S) IS USED IN ANY
PROCEDURE THAT INVOLVES IRRADIATION OF ANY PART OF THE
HUMAN OR ANIMAL BODY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSIS
Diagnostic radiation facility
Diagnostic procedures
General notes
*1. History
*2. Any admission
*3. Child bearing age/pregnant
*4. Consent
*5. Privacy
*6. Previous film and note review
*7. Intervention, risk of bleeding?
*8. Bowel cleansing
*9. Premedication
*10. Through explanation
IT IS ESSENTIAL BEFORE GETTING AN X-RAY,
ESPECIALLY IF THEY ARE BREASTFEEDING OR MIGHT
BE PREGNANT
CONSULTATION BEFORE
THE PROCEDURE
DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF X-RAY TEST.
*USUALLY ONLY FOR CERTAIN X-RAYS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
Need for fasting
DRESS COMFORTABLY FOR AN X-RAY.
*LOOSE CLOTHING THAT CAN EASILY REMOVE.
Attire
IT IS BEST TO LEAVE JEWELRY AT HOME.
*GLASSES NEED TO REMOVE THESE AS WELL
Removal of jewelry and accessories
PROCEDURE FOR AN ABDOMINAL X-RAY.
*DO NOT DRINK EXCESSIVELY ON THE MORNING OF THE
PROCEDURE.
Empty bladder before procedure
SOME X-RAY TESTS REQUIRE TO DRINK A CONTRAST MEDIUM
THAT HELPS OUTLINE A SPECIFIC AREA OF BODY ON THE X-RAY
IMAGE.
- DRINK A SOLUTION OF BARIUM OR IODINE.
- SWALLOW A PILL.
- RECEIVE AN INJECTION
Drink contrast medium
HOLDING BREATH TO SHOW UP MORE CLEARLY CHEST AND LUNG
ON THE X-RAY IMAGE.
*TO HOLD STILL AND/OR MOVE TO DIFFERENT POSITIONS
Some maneuver
AN X-RAY IS A PAINLESS PROCEDURE DURING WHICH X-RAY
BEAMS PASS THROUGH BODY AND RECORD AN IMAGE.
*THIS PROCEDURE USUALLY TAKES MINUTES FOR BONE X-RAYS
BUT CAN GO LONGER IF A CONTRAST MEDIUM IS USED.
Pain
THE PLANNED AND SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS THAT PROVIDE
ADEQUATE CONFIDENCE THAT A DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY FACILITY WILL
PRODUCE CONSISTENTLY HIGH QUALITY IMAGES WITH MINIMUM
EXPOSURE OF THE PATIENTS AND PERSONNEL.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
OBJECTIVES OF QA PROGRAM
➢TO MAINTAIN OPTIMAL QUALITY OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES
➢TO REDUCE UNNECESSARY RADIATION EXPOSURE TO PATIENT AND
STAFF; AND
➢TO BE COST EFFECTIVE
ORGANIZED EFFORT BY THE STAFF OPERATING A FACILITY TO
ENSURE THAT THE DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES PRODUCED ARE OF A
SUFFICIENTLY HIGH QUALITY SO THAT THEY CONSISTENTLY PROVIDE
ADEQUATE DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE
COST AND WITH THE LEAST POSSIBLE EXPOSURE OF THE PATIENT TO
RADIATION.
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
1.ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
2.PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE
3.TRAINING
THESE PROCEDURES ARE DESIGN TO VERIFY THAT QC TESTING IS
EFFECTIV
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
ARE PERFORMED ON A REGULARLY SCHEDULED BASIS WITH
THE GOAL OF PREVENTING BREAKDOWNS DUE TO EQUIPMENT
FAILING WITHOUT WARNING SIGNS DETECTABLE BY MONITORING
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURE
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURE
*VISUAL INSPECTION
*FOLLOWING THE MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES
REGULAR INSPECTION AND REPLACEMENT OF SWICTHES AND *PARTS
THAT ROUTINELY WEAR OUT OR FAIL
QA PROGRAM INCLUDE THE MEANS TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE
TRAINING FOR ALL PERSONNEL WITH QA RESPONSIBILITIES
Training
PERSONNEL IN THE QA PROGRAM WHO ARE RESPONSIBILITY FOR
OVERSIGHT OF THE QA PROGRAM, SETTING THE GOALS AND
DIRECTION, DETERMINING POLICIES, AND ASSESSING THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF QA ACTIVITIES
QUALITY ASSURANCE COMMITTEE
QA COMMITTEE MEMBERS INCLUDES
1) MEDICAL PHYSICIST
2) RADIOLOGIST
3) BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER
4) MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIST OR RADIOGRAPHER
5) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TECHNICIAN
INDIVIDUAL WHO IS COMPETENT TO INDEPENDENTLY PRACTICE
IN ONE OR MORE OF THE SUBFIELDS IN MEDICAL PHYSICS.
MEDICAL PHYSICIST
MEDICAL DOCTOR WHO SPECIALIZES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT OF DISEASE AND INJURY BY USING MEDICAL IMAGING
TECHNOLOGIES
Radiologist
USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF MODERN
BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN THEIR ENGINEERING PRINCIPLE TO
DESIGN AND DEVELOP DEVICES AND PROCEDURES THAT SOLVE
MEDICAL AND HEALTH-RELATED PROBLEMS.
Biomedical engineer
ENSURING THAT THE APPROPRIATE PROTOCOL AND TECHNIQUE
FACTORS ARE USED FOR THE REQUESTED EXAMINATION.
Radiographer
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS A KEY ELEMENT OF ANY DIGITAL
RADIOLOGY FACILITY THAT INTENDS TO STORE, REVIEW AND
DISTRIBUTE IMAGES ELECTRONICALLY OR USING HARD COPY
IT
3 responsibility of IT
Planning
Deployment
Testing
➢A PRACTICAL EXERCISE WHICH CARRIES OUT QUALITY CHECKS.
➢THE MEANS BY WHICH, EACH AREA OF INTEREST IS MONITORED
AND EVALUATED.
Quality control
QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM
1) ACCEPTANCE TESTING
1) ROUTINE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
2) ERROR CORRECTIONS
THESE ARE TEST CONDUCTED ON EVERY NEW X-RAY FACILITIES
Acceptance testing
WITH USE, THESE X-RAY EQUIPMENTS DETERIORATE. THIS
NECESSITATES THE PERIODIC QUALITY CONTROL EVALUATION OF
THESE EQUIPMENTS
ROUTINE PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
WHEN THESE EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCES ARE NOT OPTIMAL OR
DO NOT MEET PREDETERMINED REQUIREMENTS, OR ERRORS
FOUND AFTER THE QUALITY CONTROL TEST HAS BEEN
CONDUCTED, ACTIONS ARE TAKEN TO EFFECT CORRECTIONS ON
THEM
ERROR CORRECTIONS
BENEFITS OF QUALITY CONTROL
1) CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
2) LEADING TO CUSTOMER/CLIENT LOYALTY
3) PROFIT WILL INCREASE
MEANS AN ASSEMBLAGE OF COMPONENTS FOR THE CONTROLLED
PRODUCTION OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES WITH X-RAYS
X-RAY SYSTEM
REGULATIONS AND REGULATORY
AGENCIES
A. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
B. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(ICRP)
C. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)
D. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL UNITS (ICRU)
E. PHILIPPINE NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PNRI)
F. RADIATION HEALTH SERVICE (RHS)
WAS FOUNDED IN 1948 AND IS A SPECIALISED AGENCY OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
WHO
WHO HAS 4 MAIN FUNCTIONS
✓TO GIVE WORLD WIDE GUIDANCE IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH.
✓TO SET GLOBAL STANDARDS OF HEALTH.
✓TO COOPERATE WITH GOVERNMENTS IN STRENGTHENING NATIONAL
HEALTH PROGRAMS.
✓TO DEVELOP AND TRANSFER APPROPRIATE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY,
INFORMATION AND STANDARDS
INDEPENDENT, INTERNATIONAL, NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION, WITH THE MISSION TO PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS
AND GUIDANCE ON RADIATION PROTECTION
ICRP
GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE IN THE REGULATION
OF THE USE, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OR RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS. IT IS THE LOCAL COUNTERPART OF THE IAEA.
PNRI
GENERAL TERMS ICRU DEFINES THE UNITS, AND ICRP RECOMMENDS,
DEVELOPS AND MAINTAINS THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION WHICH USES THESE UNITS.
ICRU
SPECIALIZED AGENCY OF THE UNITED NATIONS WHICH WAS
ORGANIZED IN 1957 IN ORDER TO PROMOTE THE PEACEFUL USES OF
NUCLEAR ENERGY. ITS MAIN CONCERN IS THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION
OF ICRP RECOMMENDATIONS.
IAEA
AN AGENCY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE REGULATION OF THE USE AND IMPORTATION OF ALL
RADIATION-EMITTING EQUIPMENT SUCH AS X-RAY MACHINES,
MICROWAVE OVENS, ETC. ITS MAIN CONCERN IS TO ENSURE THE SAVE
USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT WHICH COULD POSE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON
THE POPULATION.
RHS
Old name of RHS
bureau of health device and technology
What is PRC
Philippines regulations commission
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF ALL HEADS OF DEPARTMENT TO ENSURE
THAT INJURY OR SICKNESS, DUE TO WORKING CONDITIONS, IS KEPT TO A
MINIMUM
HEALTH AND SAFETY
10 BASIC RADIATION-CONTROL
PRINCIPLES IN RADIOGRAPHY
1) UNDERSTAND AND APPLY THE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION
CONTROL.
2) DO NOT ALLOW FAMILIARITY TO RESULT IN FALSE SECURITY.
3) NEVER STAND IN THE PRIMARY BEAM.
4) ALWAYS WEAR PROTECTIVE APPAREL WHEN NOT BEHIND A PROTECTIVE
BARRIER.
5) ALWAYS WEAR PERSONNEL MONITORING DEVICES.
6) NEVER HOLD A PATIENT DURING RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION USE
MECHANICAL RESTRAINING DEVICES WHEN POSSIBLE.
7) THE PERSON HOLDING THE PATIENT MUST ALWAYS WEAR A LEAD APRON.
8) USE GONADAL SHIELDS ON ALL PERSONS WITHIN CHILD-BEARING AGE.
9) EXAMINATION OF THE PELVIS AND LOWER ABDOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE
CAPACITY SHOULD LIMITED TO THE 10-DAY INTERVAL FOLLOWING THE
ONSET OF MENSTRUATION.
10)ALWAYS COLLIMATE TO SMALLEST FIELD SIZES APPROPRIATE FOR THE
EXAMINATION.
RADIOGRAPHY INVOLVES WORKING
WITH:
MACHINERY
*ELECTRICITY
*HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
*RADIATION
*PATIENTS
REGULARLY INSPECT ALL MACHINERY. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REPAIR
ANYTHING YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND. CALL AN X-RAY ENGINEER IF YOU
ARE UNABLE TO FIX THE PROBLEM.
Machineries
RISK OF machineries
TRAPPING FINGERS.
✓LOOSE PARTS FALLING OFF ONTO STAFF OR PATIENT.
✓EQUIPMENT MOVING UNEXPECTEDLY AND STRIKING STAFF OR PATIENT.
✓STAFF OR PATIENT STRIKING HEAD ON OVERHEAD EQUIPMENT.
CONSULT A QUALIFIED ELECTRICIAN OR X-RAY ENGINEER. REGULARLY
INSPECT ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, CABLES AND CONNECTIONS. DO
NOT ATTEMPT TO REPAIR ANYTHING YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND.
ELECTRICITY
ADEQUATE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT, INSTRUCTIONS, AND
EVACUATION PROCEDURES MUST BE IN PLACE AT ALL TIMES.
FIRE
THE RISKS INVOLVED in hazardous chemicals
INHALING FUMES OR POWDERS.
*SWALLOWING.
*CONTACT WITH THE SKIN OR EYES
RADIATION
USE AN ONGOING PERSONAL MONITORING SYSTEM.
*DO NOT PRODUCE X-RADIATION UNNECESSARILY
*REQUESTS FOR X-RAY EXAMINATIONS SHOULD BE JUSTIFIED.
*AVOID THE USE OF X-RAY EXAMINATIONS ON PREGNANT WOMEN WHEREVER
POSSIBLE, ESPECIALLY IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER.
*KEEP CLEAR OF THE PRIMARY RADIATION BEAM.
*KEEP CLEAR OF ANY SCATTERED RADIATION.
*COLLIMATE THE BEAM AS MUCH AS PRACTICABLE.
*MINIMISE REPEAT FILMS
WORKING WITH THE PATIENT
USE RECOGNISED MOVING/HANDLING TECHNIQUES TO
REDUCE THE RISK OF BACK INJURY.
*USE APPROPRIATE MOVING/HANDLING AIDS WHEN
NECESSARY AND WHEN AVAILABLE.
*ENCOURAGE PATIENTS TO MOVE THEMSELVES WHERE
POSSIBLE.
ROOM IN A HOSPITAL OR SIMILAR FACILITY FOR THE STORAGE
AND PROCESSING OF LIGHT-SENSITIVE MATERIALS, SUCH AS XRAY FILM.
Dark room
A dark room must
BE OF SUITABLE SIZE.
*MUST NOT ALLOW WHITE LIGHT TO ENTER.
*HAVE A SUITABLE SECURE ENTRANCE.
*HAVE APPROPRIATE SAFE LIGHTING.
*HAVE ADEQUATE WHITE LIGHTING.
*HAVE ADEQUATE VENTILATION.
ISSUES INVOLVING THE DARKROOM
SAFE DISPOSAL OF EXHAUSTED CHEMISTRY.
*SAFE DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED WATER.
*SAFE DISPOSAL OF EMPTY CHEMICAL CONTAINERS.
*SAFE DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED FILM
RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAFF
USING THE DARKROOM
USE CORRECT PROCESSING ROUTINES.
*USE THE DARKROOM CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.
*CARRY OUT CORRECT QC ROUTINES REGULARLY.
*ENSURE THAT REGULAR, THOROUGH CLEANING IS CARRIED OUT.
*REPORT OR FIX ALL FAULTS IMMEDIAT
