QA- lec 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an audit
A
- A key tool in maintaining standards and quality improvements
- A part of the overall QA system
- Allows determination of compliance with
- cGXP
- Legal requirements
- License commitments
2
Q
Audit versus research
A
- Some characteristics of the audit are similar to research, but the audit is not research
- Research
- Creates and tests a new hypotheses
- Audit
- Reviews standards to improve the quality of care
- E.g. only giving certain anti-biotics for certain conditions- then checking those antibiotics are working well
3
Q
The beginnings of Audit (1)
A
- Government white paper
- Working for patients 1989
- An effective programme of the audit will help to provide, the necessary re-assurance to doctors, patients and managers that the best quality of service is being achieved within the recourses available
4
Q
The beginning of Audit (2)
A
- Moving towards Audit 1993
- An education package for pharmacists
- Pharmaceutical quality standards
- Hospital self-assessment standards
- Health Service Executive Letter
- EL (96)95 and EL(97)52
- Audit report form and checklist
- Audit as the driving force to quality improvement
5
Q
Pharmacy contract
A
- Each community pharmacy needs to participate in at least 2 audits per year
- Pharmaceutical journal 13 August
6
Q
Audit
A
- The audit is about taking notes of what we do, learning from it and changing if necessary
- The audit should be a continuing process
- Driving force to quality improvement
- Started off as manufacturing
- Moving to improve care/outcomes of patients
7
Q
The Audit Cycle
A
- Audit Planning and Design => Set standards
- => Collect data
- => Evaluate the performance =>
- => Make changes
- => Monitor the effects of change
8
Q
Cycle audit planning and design
A
- How to start
- Topic
- Audit design
- How to finish- feedback about improvements and acheivments
*
9
Q
What topic to audit
A
- High risk- Aseptic production
- High-volume- Over labelling
- Local issues- Needle exchange
- Targets- repeat Rx’s
- Area’s of concern- unique to place
- Area’s using large resource- Chemotherapy
- Pharmacy contract-
10
Q
Topic examples- clinical Audit
A
- New audit toolkits
- Smoking cessation
- Archive templates
- Patient counselling audit
- Repeat prescribing
- Audit Protocol for advice on asthma device technique
- Look as RPS site for more
11
Q
Topic examples- Production Audit
A
- Production processes
- Documentation
- Training
- Environment
- Orange guide chapters
12
Q
Cycle: Set standards
A
- Standards should be SMART
- Specific
- Measurable
- Acheivable
- Realistic
- Timed
13
Q
Stadards should also be
A
- Driving force for improvement in standards of service and outcomes for patients
- Best practise
- Benchmark
- Desirable
- Agreed
14
Q
Advice on asthma technique (MDI)
A
- 60% wash the device according to manufacturers instructions
- 90% Do not regularly test the device
- 75% rinse their mouth after using an inhalation device for an inhaled steroid
- 90% able to demonstrate how to use the device correctly
15
Q
Repeat dispensing audit
A
- Criteria and standards should reflect national and local targets and accepted by the team
- These standards should then be agreed by the team
- Agree suitable means of collecting this data
16
Q
Repeat dispensing audit
A
- This is a large topic- split into small sections and audit these areas
- Functional
- Who does what, when, how, time, checks
- Administration
- Documentation
- Clinical
- ADR reports, drug interactions, medication reviews, compliance, missing or ambiguous directions
- Make sure you stick to smart targets
- Requests for repeat prescriptions will be processed promptly
- 90% of requests for repeat Rx’s will be processed within 24 hours of request
17
Q
Collect data
What is actually happening
A
- Collect only the data required
- Dont get carried away and collect to much data
- Concentrate on answering the audit questions
- Keep data collection as simple as possible
- Make sure the time and place are suitable for participants
- Allow time for questions and discussion
18
Q
Evaluate performance
A
- Compare what should be and what is happening
- Was the information complete and accurate
- Was it all collected during busy periods
- Did anything exceptional happen during the audit: Staff sickness; locum cover
19
Q
Make changes
A
- Consider if standards have been met
- Identify cause(s) of non-compliance
- Agree on changes to be made
- Ownership of the audit is vital
- If practice change is required, participants must be able to see why otherwise committed to the changes will not occur
20
Q
Monitor effect of changes
A
- This where the cycle continues
- Evaluate the success of change
- Re-measure the performance against standards
- The audit cycle starts again
21
Q
Why Audit
A
- Maintain standards
- Benchmarking
- Measurement of improvement
- Sanity check
- Identity weakness and strengths
- Build confidence in QA systems
- Assess risk to patients
22
Q
Why audit
A
- Because it is required by GXP
- Shows the regulators you meet appropriate standards
- Improve standards of service (where appropriate)
- Improve outcome for patients
- Self-inspections should be conducted to monitor the implementation of GMP
- Pharmacy contract
23
Q
Audit types summary
A
- Third party
- Second party
- First party
- Horizontal
- Vertical
24
Q
Third party
Audit types
A
- Undertaken by staff not managerially accountable within the corporate structure independent of any service provider to the unit
- A regulatory Audit
- For manufactures= MHRA
- For pharmacies= GPHC
- Can be commissioned by a company for a third party to audit a supplier or subcontractors
25
Q
Second party audit
Audit types
A
- When a company perfoms an audit of a supplier to ensure that they are meeting the requirements specified in the contract
26
Q
First party Audit
Audit types
A
- Internal self-inspection
- Conducted in an independent and detailed way by designated competent persons from within the company
- Monitors the implementation and compliance with GMP principles and to propose necessary corrective measures
27
Q
Audit approach
A
- There are 2 general approaches to audit
- Horizontal audit
- Follow a process through- e.g. from raw material receipt, through production to finished product release
- A good way to get a feel for the site and its problems
- Vertical Audit
- Focus deeper into a specific area or topic for example adverse incident, complaints recalls
- Can be time-consuming
- You need to know when to stop