Q5190 Ground Eval Guide Flashcards
Minimum Acceleration Check Speed (MACS) Definition
-Min acceptable speed at the check distance with which the takeoff should be continued
MACS is computed to allow…
variations in engine performance due to engine trim, throttle setting, and pilot technique
MACS is computed by…
reducing NACS 3 kts per 1000’ that runway length exceeds CFL not to exceed a 10 kt decrease
MACS validates…
The rest of the TOLD
Refusal Speed (RS) Definition
The maximum speed to which the aircraft can accelerate with both engines operating in MAX and either…
Abort with Both engines operating
or abort with engine failure
RS-BEO assumptions (Aircraft has not rotated)
- 3 second reaction time
- Both engines produce MAX thrust during the 3 seconds
- In 3 point attitude and <130KCAS, braking applied that desired braking achieved in 2 seconds.
RS-BEO assumptions (Aircraft has rotated)
- 3 second reaction time
- Both engines produce MAX thrust during the 3 seconds
- Pitch held at 7.5* for aerobraking until 120 KCAS. when nose settles proceed with normal braking.
RS-EF assumptions (Aircraft has not rotated)
- 3 second reaction time
- One engine in max/ one windmilling during 3 sec.
- In 3 point attitude and <130KCAS, braking applied that desired braking achieved in 2 seconds.
RS-EF assumptions (Aircraft has rotated)
- 3 second reaction time
- One engine in max/ one windmilling during 3 sec.
- Pitch held at 7.5* for aerobraking until 120 KCAS. when nose settles proceed with normal braking.
Decision Speed (DS) definition
The minimum speed at which the aircraft can experience and instantaneous engine failure and still accelerate to SETOS and takeoff in the remaining runway.
DS assumptions
- 3 second reaction time
- Accelerate in 3 point attitude prior to rotate
- One engine MAX thrust/ 1 windmilling
- Takeoff approx 700’ from start of rotation at SETOS
Critical Engine Failure Speed (CEFS)
Definitions
The speed to which the aircraft accelerates with bother engines, experiences an engine failure and permit either acceleration to SETOS and takeoff or deceleration to a stop in the same distance.
CEFS Assumptions
Same as RS-EF and DS
Critical Field Length (CFL) Definition
Total runway length required to accelerate with both engines to CEFS, experience an engine failure, then either continue to takeoff or stop in the same distance.
Single Engine Takeoff Speed (SETOS) Definition
The speed at which the aircraft can climb out of ground effect at a minimum of 100 feet per minute with gear down, flaps at 60%. (Rotation initiated at SETOS)
SETOS assumptions
- Min SETOS is 2 eng TOS
- Ch 3 lists 8-50 FPM for each add kt (non-PMP)
- Single engine climb charts shows less than 60 FPM increase for each Kt.
- Takeoff approximately 700’ from start of rotation at SETOS
- Above SETOS+10, gear door drag is NF.
11-2T-38V3 Go/No-Go Speeds
With remotely controlled BAK-15?
- DS<RS-EF= use RS-EF
- RS-EF<DS<=TOS=OG approval, use TOS
- DS>TOS= No takeoff authorized
11-2T-38V3 Go/No-Go Speeds
With raised BAK-15?
- DS <= RS-EF= use RS-EF
- RS-EF<DS<TOS= OG approval, Use SETOS, delay rotation until 155 and NW off rwy by 174 Kts
- DS>=TOS= No takeoffs authorized
11-2T-38V3 Go/No-Go Speeds
With no BAK-15?
- DS<=RS-BEO= use RS-BEO
- RS-BEO<DS<=RS-EF= OG approval, Use RS-EF
- DS> RS-EF = No takeoffs authorized
What happens to takeoff speed as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases?
No change, although the TAS required for takeoff increased the IAS has not.
What happens to takeoff speed as:
Headwind increases?
No change, the same airflow over the wing is still required to takeoff (IAS), although this will be achieved at a slower groundspeed
What happens to takeoff speed as:
RCR decreases?
No change, runway condition will not affect the IAS required to takeoff.
What happens to takeoff speed as:
weight decreases? Why?
decreases, given a specific rotation picture, it takes less lift. Since AOA is set by the rotation picture, this lift will be obtained at lower IAS.
What happens to takeoff distance as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases? why?
Increases, air density reduced, thrust and acceleration reduced. Higher TAS required and since there is less acceleration the distance required goes up.
What happens to takeoff distance as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Decreases, already have some IAS= to headwind and therefore do not need to accelerate as much.
What happens to takeoff distance as:
RCR decreases? Why?
No effect, since the T-30 only has 3 tires all of which are high pressure the rolling friction is considered negligible.
What happens to takeoff distance as:
Weight Decreases? Why?
Decreases, since TO speed is less, less distance is required to accelerate to that speed.
What happens to SETOS as:
Pressure and temperature increases? Why?
Increases, as density is decreased, thrust is decreased, so SETOS must be higher to decrease the induced drag and ensure excess thrust to climb out of ground effect.
What happens to SETOS as:
Headwind increases? Why?
no effect, the same airflow over the wing is still required, although it will happen at a lower ground speed.
What happens to SETOS as:
RCR decreases? Why?
No change, runway condition will not effect the speed required to generate lift for takeoff, since SETOS is a go speed.
What happens to SETOS as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Decreases, given a specific rotation picture, it takes less lift to get a lighter aircraft airborne.
Why is SETOS +10 the optimum singe-engine rotation speed?
- For each knot above SETOS (up to +10) you get an extra 60 FPM.
- Above SETOS+10 you can get PIO or rotation, excessive rwy length, overspeed tires or blown tires, nose gear may dig in making it hard to rotate.
What happens to Decision speed as:
temperature and pressure altitude increases? Why?
Increases, Thrust is reduced as air density is reduced, so in order to reach SETOS by the end of the rwy you need to accelerate on 2 engines longer.
What happens to Decision speed as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Decreases, SETOS is obtained at a lower GS. Therefore, it will be easier to reach SETOS by the end of the rwy and you will be able to lose an engine earlier.
What happens to Decision speed as:
RCR decreases? Why?
No change, decision speed is only concerned with takeoff, the RCR effects on takeoff are negligible
What happens to decision speed as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Decreases, since SETOS is lower and accel is better, you can lose an engine at a lower airspeed and still reach SETOS by the end of the runway.
What happens to refusal speed as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases? Why?
Decreases, since density is reduced, thrust is reduced, so it takes more distance to reach a given airspeed. Therefore, the abort must be started at a lower speed in order to stop at the end or rwy.
What happens to refusal speed as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Increases, for given IAS you have less groundspeed. Since stippin is related to groundspeed, you can accelerate to a higher IAS and still stop.
What happens to refusal speed as:
RCR decreases? Why?
Decreases, with lower RCR braking effectiveness is reduced and stopping distance is increased. Therefore you must initiate the abort at a lower speed to stop in the remaining runway.
What happens to refusal speed as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Increases, it is easier to stop a lighter plane (less momentum), so you can accelerate to a higher speed and still have room to stop
What happens to Critical Engine Failure Speed as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases? Why?
Increases, since CEFS is stopping and going, you need to figure out which is effected more. As density decreases, accel and ground speed are worse. Stopping is only hurt by an increased groundspeed. Therefore, takeoff accel is affected more than stopping distance, and to keep stopping and T/O distance equal, CEFS must be increased.
What happens to Critical Engine Failure Speed as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Increases, Stopping distance is greately reduced by the lower ground speed. Since stopping distance is decreased, CEFS must be increased to keep stopping and takeoff distance equal.
What happens to Critical Engine Failure Speed as:
RCR is decreased? Why?
Decreases, Effect of RCR on T/O distance is negligable. Stopping distance is greately increased due to reduced braking effectiveness. Therefore since stopping distance is greater than takeoff distance, CEFS must be decreased to keep stopping and takeoff distance equal.
What happens to Critical Engine Failure Speed as:
Weight is decreased? Why
Decreases. Takeoff distance is reduced by light aircraft, better SETOS accel. Stopping a lighter aircraft is easier but is not affected nearly as much as the go distance, CEFS must be decreased to keep stopping and takeoff distance equal.
What happens to Normal Acceleration Check Speed as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increase? Why?
Decreases. Thrust is decreased, so accel is less and aircraft will not meet as high of an airspeed at a given check distance.
What happens to Normal Acceleration Check Speed as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Increases, Acceleration for a lighter aircraft is faster.
What happens to the Minimum Acceleration Check Speed as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases? Why?
Decreases, since NACS decreases MACS decreases at low T/O factors.
Increases, at higher T/O factors, CFL will increase in this case, less is subtracted from NACS.
No change, given the above there is a theoretical point in which MACS remains the same
What happens to the Minimum Acceleration Check Speed as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Increases, NACS increases, so MACS will increase.
What happens to the Minimum Acceleration Check Speed as:
RCR decreases? Why?
No change, NACS is unaffected so MACS will be unaffected. If CFL approaches actual runway length there will be less to subtract and NACS will go up.
What happens to the Minimum Acceleration Check Speed as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Increases, NACS increases, so MACS will increase as well.
Why do we use MACS instead of NACS
NACS defines a normal aircraft, 50% are better and 50% are worse, would abort half of the T/Os. MACS gives the jet a chance to takeoff and still be able to validate TOLD.
What happens to Landing Distance as:
Temperature and pressure altitude increases? Why?
Increases, as air density decreases, touch down at a given KIAS translates into a higher groundspeed, thus a greater landing roll.
What happens to Landing Distance as:
Headwind increases? Why?
Decreases, with headwind, touching down at a given KIAS is less GS and shorter landing roll.
What happens to Landing Distance as:
RCR decreases? Why?
Increases. The braking effectiveness of the aircraft is reduced at a lower RCR.
What happens to Landing Distance as:
Weight decreases? Why?
Decreases, you can touch down at a lower KIAS with less momentum, allowing a faster decel.
Generator Cut-in Speed?
43-48%
Generator shift range?
65-75%
How many phases are the generator?
3 Phase
Left Generator major items powered?
All lighting except flood and utililty
L hyd press ind
L oil press ind
AOA
SAS
L fuel boost pump/ind
Normal Hydraulic Pressure
2850-3200 psi
When will hydro light illuminate for pressure?
1500 PSI
What psi must Hyd press climb past to extinguish light?
1800 PSI
What does a hydro light w/ good pressure mean?
High temp
Does the hydro light illuminate for overpressure?
No
If one of the hydro systems has failed to 0 PSI what is your flight duration limit?
35 Min
Systems that are powered by the utility hydraulic system?
Flight control backup
Stability augmenter
Nosewheel steering
Landing gear ext/ret.
Speedbrake
What is normal fuel pressure?
10 PSI
When does the low fuel pressure light illuminate?
below 6 PSI
How high is boost pump failure gravity feed guaranteed?
6000’
How high is boost pump failure gravity feed sufficient?
25,000’
How low have engine flameouts occured with boost pump failure?
7,000’
Max thrust dive at 0 or neg G limits?
10 sec @ 10,000’
30 sec @ 30,000’
Do not perform max thrust dives with less than….
650 lbs of fuel in either system
When does engine anti-ice illuminate?
Man-on
Right gen fail
When does anti-ice turn on automatically?
below 65% RPM
What happens with Engine Anti-Ice is placed on?
- Provides 8th stage air to the inlet guide vanes and bullet nose
- At 94-98% RPM an increase of 15*C
- 8.5% loss in MIL thrust, 5.5% loss MAX thrust.
When does th fuel low light illuminate?
Illuminates when wither indicator reads 250# for more than 7.5 seconds
How is a fuel imbalance displayed on the EDD?
0-50#: no display
60-190#: white difference display
200# or more: red difference display
Do not allow what to happen to the fuel system when solo?
Do not allow the right fuel system to equal double the left system.
Total usable fuel using single point?
3,906#
Total usable fuel using over the top?
3,866#
Total usable fuel in the left system?
1,916#
Total usable fuel in the right system?
1,990#
Battery Start:
Which lights should be illuminated (Prior to applying air?)
All except oxygen and fuel low
In what order sohuld the lights extingush?
- Connect Air (flt hydraulics)
- Rt Gen reaches cut-in Speed (Rt fuel px, rt gen, XMFR rect out, anti-ice)
- Left air connected (Utility hydraulics)
- Left throttle idle (left fuel PX)
- Left gen reaches cut-in speed (left gen)
With External AC power start:
Which lights should be illuminated (Prior to applying air?)
L/R Gen,
Util/Flt Hyd
R/L Fuel PX
With External AC power start:
What order should the lights extinguish?
Hydro
Fuel px,
Gen
Possible causes of a generator light?
(4)
- Gen failure
- Gen failure to shift
- Gen failure (partial)
- Gen failure no crossover
Major Items that are powered by the right Generator
MDP/UFCP/HUD
Flap Motors
Trim
R Fuel Boost Pump/ind
R oil press ind
R hyd press ind
Fuel/oxy Quantity ind
Caut/warn lights dim / floodlights
Airconditioning/canopy seal
pitot heat
Should you attempt to land with a dual hydraulic failure?
No
Should the hyd lights illuminate when rapidly cycling the flight controls?
No
Items that are powered by the flight hydraulic system?
Flight controls
Possible causes of a Fuel px light
-Corresponding boost pump failure
-fuel leak
-generator phase failure
-fuel pressor sensor malfunction
-Momentary blink due to fuel requirement surge
What is the expected mil power fuel flow?
2100-2700 pph
What is normal Oxygen pressure?
50-120
When does the oxygen light turn on?
with less than 1 liter of LOX
When may the oxygen light illuminate?
1 liter or 3 liters due to sloshing
When does the transformer rectifier out light illuminate?
Illuminates when the battery is powering the DC busses
What are the indications of a single TRU failure?
PFL generated by the MDP
How long should the battery last in the event of dual TRU failure?
15 min at 80% charge
What is the type of power the TRUs provide to the DC busses?
28 VDC
What type of power does the battery provide to the DC busses?
24 VDC
Min voltage required to close the battery relay?
18 volts
How low of a voltage will the battery stay connected to the DC busses?
10 volt
How can you activate the static inverter?
- Any engine start button
- Fuel/oxy quantity check/gauge test
- Max power
What is the allowed time for the AB to light during takeoff?
5 seconds
How many seconds from initial fuel flow do you have for an EGT rise?
12 seconds
What do you do if you get no EGT rise during engine start?
Blow out system for 2 minutes and try again
What pins are you required to install during an emergency ground egress?
None
What are the landing gear extension limits?
240 KIAS, no more than 45* of bank or 1.5 Gs