Q5 - 10 Marker Flashcards
Female disadvantage - workplace
ONS- Female graduates are more likely to work in lower skilled occupation groups than men.
Fawcett society - women make up 20% of directors of FTSE 100 brands and just 11% of bank CEO’s are women - vertical segregation/ glass ceiling
U.K. feminista - found that up to 30,000 women a year are sacked each year for being pregnant and an estimated 440,000 lose out on pay or promotion as a result of pregnancy
Barron and Norris - suggests that women are more likely to be found in jobs which are part of a secondary labour market (low skilled/ low paid/ insecure and with a limited chance of promotion - horizontal segregation
Female disadvantage - income and wealth
Fawcett society 2015 - there is still a 13.9% pay gap between average salaries of men and women working full time in the uk
Prudential- found that according to a survey, more than 10,000 adults, 25% being women will be living below the poverty line when they retire - compared to 12% men
Oxfam (2008)- found that the income of a retired women is less than 40% of that of a retired man
Male disadvantage - workplace
UK Health and Safety Data - suggests that more than 95% of the 200 people killed in the workplace every year are men
Doyal - claims that as males dominate in high risk industrial jobs, they are more likely to suffer work place accidents
Mac an Grail - the crisis of masculinity, de industrialisation and feminisation of the labour market had led to increased unemployment for men
Male disadvantage - income and wealth
ONS - men in the U.K work an average of 39 hours a week compared to 34 for women
Benatar- in his book ‘the second sexism’ he states that the least desirable and most dangerous jobs and those with the least pay and security remain largely the domain of men
Dermott - argues that men work longer hours than women regardless of their status as fathers
Working class disadvantage - income and wealth
IFS- the poorest 1/5 of the population paid less tax in cash term but as a proportion of their income, the poorest 1/5 paid more at 37.4% compared to 35.1% of the incomes of the richest 1/5.
Marxist View- ordinary workers have to bargain for their rewards (individually or through trade unions)- had little option but to accept the wages that employers are willing to offer.
Working class disadvantage - social mobility
ONS - teenage motherhood is 8x as common amongst those from manual social backgrounds as for those from professional backgrounds
Goldthorpe- increase in social mobility after WW2 is just evidence of more service sector jobs available
Marxism - meritocracy is a myth- it’s used by the ruling class as a tool to encourage the working class to work harder - yet upper class operates social closure.
Middle/upper class advantage - income and wealth
Daily mirror (2014) - in 2013, the queen earned £36,100,000 and Adele earned £27,540,000 which is 1000 times more than the average worker in the UK
Marxist - senior managers and company directors are able to determine their own salaries
Middle/ upper class advantage -Social mobility
Waldfogal and Washbrook - children from higher income backgrounds do significantly better on a range of early years outcomes
Saunders - ability is inherited - achievement is based on ability not opportunities
Scott - social closure of the upper class encourages concentration of wealth (E.g intermarriage/ high culture and the old boy network)
Evidence for both Working class disadvantage and upper/ middle class advantage - income and wealth
The high pay centre - total lay of chief executives of the 100 largest companies on the London stock exchange has risen by 49% compared with average increases of less than 3% for their employees
•Chief executives pay - £4.2m ( which is 145x more than their employees and 162x more than the average worker in Britain
