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Medical Nursing > Q3 > Flashcards

Q3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the GI tract?

A

Supply nutrients to body cells

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2
Q

How is the function of GI tract accomplished?

A

Through ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination

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3
Q

What organs are included in the GI system?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

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4
Q

How is the GI system stimulated?

A

Stimulated by hypoglycemia, empty stomach, decreased body temp, brain input

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5
Q

What is the hunger hormone produced in your stomach?

A

Ghrelin

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6
Q

Characteristics of ghrelin

A

Increases food intake and helps body store fat
Increase appetite
Short-term control of appetite and leptin plays a role in long-term weight control

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7
Q

Ghrelin levels are lower in which individuals?

A

Individuals with obesity

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8
Q

Purpose of the hormone leptin?

A

Regulates hunger by providing sensation of feeling full
Made and released by WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUES
Regulates long-term balance between body’s food intake and energy use

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9
Q

Our body tells us what - what body fat decreases as leptin levels decrease?

A

Our body is starving

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10
Q

Where does digestion start?

A

Mouth

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11
Q

Functions of stomach

A

Store food, secrete digestive juices, mix food with gastric secretions and empty the resulting content (chyme) into small intestine

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12
Q

Where does absorption occur?

A

Villi in the small intestine

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13
Q

Absorption is what?

A

The transfer of end products of digestion across the intestinal wall to the ciruclation

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14
Q

Does digestion or absorption occur in the esophagus?

A

No

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15
Q

Where is digestion
completed?

A

Small intestine

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic (nervous)
Gastric (hormonal and nervous)
Intestinal (hormonal)

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17
Q

What is cephalic?

A

Where there is secretion of mucous, hydrogen chloride and pepsinogen

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18
Q

What is gastric secretion?

A

When gastric secretions and motility are stimulated by gastric hormones

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19
Q

What is intesitnal secretion?

A

Release of secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin

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20
Q

Elimination

A

Involves the large intestine
Absorption of water and electrolytes

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21
Q

Haustral churning

A

Kneading action caused by muscle contractions that assist with moving the food through

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22
Q

The valsalva maneuver can be contraindicated with?

A

Increased ICP, eye surgery, abdominal surgeries, cardiac condition, liver cirrhosis, hemorrhoids and fissures

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23
Q

What is the largest organ in our body?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Metabolic functions of liver?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, and steroid metabolism and detoxication

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25
Q

What cells remove bacteria and toxins from blood and gets rid of old RBCs?

A

Kupffer cells

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26
Q

Function of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine (contributes to digestion)
Endocrine (insulin, glucagon, somatotatin, and pancreatic polypeptide)

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27
Q

What’s bile for?

A

Fat emulsification and digestion

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28
Q

What is an endoscopy?

A

Allows direct visualization by using endoscope. Allows to see the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas and biliary tree

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29
Q

What are the 4 serum enzymes?

A

ALP - Alkaline phosphatase
AST - Aspartate antinotransferase
ALT - alaine aminotransferase
GGT - gultamyl transpeptidase

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30
Q

ALP

A

Elevated levels seen with obstruction in biliary tract

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31
Q

AST

A

elevated levels seen with liver damage and inflammation

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32
Q

ALT

A

elevated with liver damage and inflammation

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33
Q

GGT

A

elevated with alcohol liver disease, hepatitis, biliary obstruction, cholangitis, cholecystitis

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34
Q

Obesity

A

Increased proportion of fat cells

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35
Q

5 A’s of obesity management

A

ASK for permission to discuss weight
ASSESS risk and potential causes of weight
ADVICE on risks, benefits and options
AGREE on weight loss goals and plan
ASSIST with education, resources & follow-up care

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36
Q

Orlistat - Medication Therapy

A

Works by blocking fat breakdown and absorption in the intestine

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37
Q

What is Bariatric Surgical Therapy?

A

Used to treat morbid obesity
Currently the only treatment and has a successful rate

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38
Q

Oral Inflammations and Infections

A

Specific mouth diseases, may occur in the presence of some systemic diseases such as leukemia or vitamin deficiency

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39
Q

Oral Cancer occurs where?

A

lips, or anywhere within the mouth

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40
Q

Esophageal Disorders

A

GERD
Hiatus hernia
Esophageal strictures and varices
Achalasia
Esophageal diverticula

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41
Q

What is hiatal hernia?

A

Portion of the stomach herniates into esophagus through an opening in diaphragm

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42
Q

What are the two types of hernia?

A

Sliding (most common)
Rolling (paraesophageal)

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43
Q

What is esophageal diveritculi?

A

Sac-like outpouchings of one or more layers of esophagus

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44
Q

Esophageal Diverticuli occurs where?

A

Zenker’s divericulum (most common)
Traction diverticulum
Epiphrenic diverticulum

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45
Q

What is Achlasia?

A

Peristalsis of lower two-thirds of esophagus absent
Impairment of neurons that innervate esophagus

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46
Q

What is esophaegeal varices?

A

Dilated tortuous veins in lower portion of esophagus
Result of portal hypertension
Common complication of liver cirrhosis

47
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa
Stomach problems
Result of breakdown in gastric mucosal barrier
Tissue edema results

48
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent passage of loose, water stools

49
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Poorly absorbed solutes in the bowel lumen that inhibit normal water and electrolyte absorption

50
Q

Fecal Incontinence

A

Inability to stop shitting
Potential risk for skin breakdown

51
Q

Three causes of diarrhea

A

Decreased fluid absorption
Increased fluid secretion
Motility disturbance

52
Q

Acute Infectious Diarrhea

A

Infectious organisms attack the intestines in different ways:
- some alter secretion or absorption but no inflammation
- some impair absorption by destroying cells - inflammation in colon

Can be transmitted to another person

Common: salmonella

53
Q

Susceptibility is influenced by:

A

Age
Gastric acidity
Intestinal microflora
Immunocompetence (susceptible to GI tract infections as well)

54
Q

Acute Diarrhea

A

Bacterial or viral
Fever
Explosive water diarrhea
Blood and mucous in stool

55
Q

Chronic Diarrhea

A

> 2 weeks, subsides and returns
Lead to malabsorption and malnutrition

56
Q

Antidiarrheal Agents

A

Used once cause has been determined

Used to coat, and protect mucous membranes, inhibit GI motility, decrease intestinal secretions

57
Q

Antibiotics

A

Flagyl is the first-line therapy for c-diff

58
Q

Constipation

A

Change in amount of bowel movements
Stool is hard, difficult to pass

59
Q

Causes of Constipation

A

Not enough fluid intake
Medications
Lack of exercise
Ignoring the urge

60
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Constipation

A

Abdominal tenderness
Bloating
Hard dry stool
Increased flatulence
Nausea

61
Q

Valsalva Manoeuvre

A

Forced expiration to help pass hardened stool

Not recommended with people who have heart failure, cerebral edema, hypertension

62
Q

What is the presenting symptom for acute abdominal pain?

A

Pain

63
Q

Chronic Abdominal Pain Common Causes

A

Irritable bowel syndrome
Peptic ulcer disease
Hepatitis

64
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Chronic functional disorder, intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain
Pain can be present for about 3 months

not a psychological disorder

65
Q

Appendicitis

A

Referred pain, starts in the center then shifts to the RLQ

66
Q

What might result during appendicitis? Why?

A

Gangrene - blood supply of appendix is impaired by inflammation

67
Q

If surgery is needed, should anything be taken by mouth?

A

No – stomach needs to be empty prior to surgery

68
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation within the peritoneum
Trauma or rupture - related to bacteria or chemical irritants
Complications include - hypovolemic shock

69
Q

Gastro-enteritis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine

Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramping

70
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Autoimmune disease that includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

71
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and colon
Bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
Mild to severe pain
10 - 20 episodes of bloody diarrhea per day
Can cause hemorrhage, perforations, toxic megacolon

72
Q

Goal to decrease ulcerative colitis

A

Rest the bowl
Control inflammation
Provide symptomatic relief

73
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Chronic IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) of unknown origin
Can affect GI tract from mouth to anus

74
Q

What’s the most common malabsorption disorder?

A

Lactose intolerance

75
Q

What is Malabsorption Syndrome?

A

Impaired absorption of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins

76
Q

What is Celiac Disease

A

Autoimmune disease caused by damage to the small intestinal mucosa from the ingestion of wheat, barley, and rye

77
Q

Manifestations of Celiac

A

Foul smelling diarrhea
Flatulence
Abdominal distension

78
Q

Intestinal Obstruction (two types)

A

Mechanical
Nonmechanical

79
Q

Mechanical Obstruction

A

Occlusion of the lumen of intestinal tract
Pain occurs in waves

80
Q

Nonmechanical obstruction

A

Neuromuscular or vascular disorder
Constant pain
Common: paralytic ileus
Often occurs after surgery

81
Q

Location of obstruction determines what?

A

Extent of fluid, electrolyte, acid-based imbalances

82
Q

Polyps of Large Intestine

A

Can be found anywhere
Most are asymptomatic
Abnormal and should be removed

83
Q

Polyps can be __ and ___

A

Sessile (small)
Pedunculated (when becomes larger)

84
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer death in Canada?

A

Colorectal Cancer (found in the rectum)

85
Q

What is colorectal cancer?

A

Cells in colon or rectal grow out of control

86
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Multiple non-inflamed diverticula present

87
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula

88
Q

What are hernias?

A

Protrusions through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that is normally contained

89
Q

What happens when a hernia is unreducible?

A

Obstructs intestinal and blood flow - surgery is required

90
Q

What is the most common hernia?

A

Inguinal

91
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus

92
Q

Anal Fissure

A

Skin ulcer or crack in the lining of the anal wall that is caused by trauma, infection or inflammation

93
Q

Anal Fistula

A

Abnormal tunnel leading out from anus or rectum
Complications of Crohn’s disease

94
Q

Is Anal Cancer Common?

A

No, but can occur if an individual has numerous sexual partners

95
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Gallstones and alcohol are the most common causes

96
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Where healthy cells are replaced with scar tissue within the liver
Chronic and progressive
Consists of fibrosis

97
Q

What is the most common cause of cirrhosis? WHY?

A

Alcohol - causes cell death and fatty infiltration in liver

98
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy is?

A

Reversible syndrome on patients with liver dysfunction

Changes in neurological and mental responsiveness ranging from sleep disturbances to lethargy to coma

Neurological disorder (?)

99
Q

Urine acts as a what?

A

Antiseptic

100
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A

Urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis

101
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Inflammation of urethra

102
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

103
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the renal parenchyma

104
Q

What is the most common pathogen?

A

E.COLI

105
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial infection in kidneys?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

106
Q

SX of acute pyelonephritis

A

Flank pain, vomiting, fever, malaise, chills

107
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A

Kidney has shrunken and lost function owing to scarring or fibrosis

108
Q

Interstitial Cystitis

A

Chronic, inflammatory disease of bladder

Urgency, frequency and pain

109
Q

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

A

Autoimmune disease described by circulating antibodies against glomerular and alveolar basement membrane

110
Q

What organ is the primary target of Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Kidney
Sometimes lungs

111
Q

What are the three hereditary renal diseases?

A

Polycystic kidney disease
Medullary cystic disease
Alport’s syndrome

112
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Most common genetic disease in Canada
Multiple cysts are present
Enlarging cysts damage surrounding tissue

113
Q

What is Alport’s Syndrome?

A

AKA Chronic hereditary nephritis
1 - inherited as a sex-linked
2 - inherited as a autosomal trait

114
Q

What is the most important roles of the nurse regarding acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Promote early diagnosis and treatment of sore throats and skin lesions

Occurs after an infection in the pharynx or skin

Medical Nursing (3 decks)

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