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psych 200 > Q2 types of measures > Flashcards

Q2 types of measures Flashcards

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1
Q

4 main categories of measures

A

observational
self-report
physiological
archival data

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2
Q

naturalistic observation

A

no active intervention

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3
Q

pros of naturalistic observation

A

you capture people’s real world behavior without experimenter effects or minimal observer bias

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4
Q

cons of naturalistic observation

A

cannot control for certain confounding variables
cannot get more information from participants which might better explain certain phenomena

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5
Q

contrived observation

A

settings are arranged; can occur in the lab (allowing you to control for confounds or other variables which may introduce error variance) or in the field

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6
Q

undisguised observation

A

participants know they are being observed

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7
Q

2 sources of bias in undisguised observation

A

reactivity concerns
audience effects

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8
Q

reactivity concerns

A

participants may behave how they want to be perceived or how they think you want them to

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9
Q

audience effects

A

someone observing you may increase or decrease your performance on subconscious levels

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10
Q

disguised observation

A

participants are unaware they’re being observed

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11
Q

concerns about disguised observation

A

deception concerns, could violate people’s right

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12
Q

alternatives to disguised observation (3)

A

partial concealment
knowledgeable informants
unobtrusive measures

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13
Q

partial concealment (alternative method to disguised observation)

A

participants are aware but not about what behaviors are being measured

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14
Q

knowledgeable informants (alternative method to disguised observation)

A

get information from someone who is close to the participant

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15
Q

unobtrusive measures (alternative method to disguised observation)

A

indirect measurements; not interacting with the participants

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16
Q

4 different ways to record behavior (observational research)

A

narrative
checklists
rating scales
temporal measures

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17
Q

recording method: narrative

A

code what participants are saying, qualitative (categorizing)

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18
Q

recording method: checklists

A

observe whether or not a behavior occurs (is there an instance of sharing?)

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19
Q

recording method: rating scales

A

documenting how much of a behavior is present (how often are there instances of sharing?)

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20
Q

recording method: temporal measures

A

how long does something take?

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21
Q

4 temporal measures

A

task completion time
duration
reaction time
inter-behavior latency

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22
Q

temporal measure: duration

A

time before someone does something

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23
Q

temporal measure: reaction time

A

time between a stimulus and a reaction (implicit association task)

24
Q

temporal measure: inter-behavior latency

A

how long between different behaviors?

25
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

consistency among ratings of observers; important to minimize measurement error so we have greater systematic variance

26
Q

how can we improve inter-rater reliability? (2)

A

operationalize variables; define a construct with particular physical behaviors (list)
thorough training

27
Q

threshold of satisfactory inter-rater reliability

A

80% or 0.8

28
Q

2 main types of self-report measures

A

questionnaires and interviews

29
Q

advantages of questionnaires

A

cheap, convenient, easily accessible, participant anonymity

30
Q

single-item measures

A

questions that are stand alone (age, sex, income, demographic data)

31
Q

multi-item scales

A

look more at constructs, sets of items measuring the same construct or idea

32
Q

response formats for questionnaires (3)

A

open ended
fixed alternative (dichotomous or multiple choice)
rating scales

33
Q

advantages of interviews

A

can ask follow up questions or ask participants to elaborate
sometimes more appropriate for certain populations like small children

34
Q

important reminders for interviewing

A

be friendly
conceal personal reactions
create a script and follow it across all participants
include standard follow-up questions
ensure that questions are clear
do not lead the respondent

35
Q

experience sampling

A

ask for people’s experience in real time

36
Q

advantages of experience sampling

A

good for longitudinal studies
helps with memory in real time

37
Q

2 types of experience sampling

A

asking someone to write in a diary
computerized – an app will prompt the participant

38
Q

2 biases in self-report measures

A

social desirability bias
acquiescence

39
Q

social desirability bias

A

answering how they think they should

40
Q

acquiescence

A

someone puts in all the same answers regardless of the questions on the survey; prevent this with reverse coded questions

41
Q

physiological measures

A

how do physical things like heart or respiration rate relate to psychological outcomes?

42
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity in the brain; good temporal resolution (time) but not spatial (where it is in the brain)

43
Q

advantages of EEG

A

tolerant of movement, comfortable, good for small kids

44
Q

electromyograph (EMG)

A

measures muscle movement

45
Q

neuroimaging (MRI)

A

good spatial resolution, but not temporal; measures blood flow or oxygen present in a brain region (indicating activity)

46
Q

disadvantages of neuroimaging

A

cannot move, cannot have metal inside the large magnet

47
Q

fMRI

A

measures oxygen in different brain regions in response to different stimulus presentations; measures connectivity between regions

48
Q

remember when interpreting neuroimaging results

A

results are all correlational unless you lesion or use TMS
when participants see/do this, there is activity in this brain region (not necessarily cause and effect)
specificity –can you compare the activity to other brain regions?
baseline –activity is affected by attention and arousal

49
Q

how could we use heart rate and skin conductance in a study?

A

proxy of stress or arousal, sweating

50
Q

how could we use blood and saliva assays in research?

A

saliva is a good way to measure cortisol levels

51
Q

pros of physiological measures

A

completely involuntary
fairly unbiased and uncontrolled by participants
easier to operationalize

52
Q

cons of physiological measures

A

costly, time consuming, difficult to interpret what physical reactions mean

53
Q

what additional research can we do to help us interpret physiological measures more accurately?

A

use multiple measurements and make sure these correlate with another scale of the variable you’re attempting to measure (and not something unrelated)

54
Q

archival data

A

using pre-existing data

55
Q

what kind of data is archival data?

A

usually not collected for research purposes, like census data

56
Q

what kind of research is archival data good for?

A

studying changes over time, rare events (riots, mass murders)

57
Q

limitations of archival data

A

data validity/reliability concerns
you didn’t collect the data
insufficient information

psych 200 (15 decks)

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