Q2 types of measures

Question 1

4 main categories of measures

Answer 1

observational
self-report
physiological
archival data

Question 2

naturalistic observation

Answer 2

no active intervention

Question 3

pros of naturalistic observation

Answer 3

you capture people’s real world behavior without experimenter effects or minimal observer bias

Question 4

cons of naturalistic observation

Answer 4

cannot control for certain confounding variables
cannot get more information from participants which might better explain certain phenomena

Question 5

contrived observation

Answer 5

settings are arranged; can occur in the lab (allowing you to control for confounds or other variables which may introduce error variance) or in the field

Question 6

undisguised observation

Answer 6

participants know they are being observed

Question 7

2 sources of bias in undisguised observation

Answer 7

reactivity concerns
audience effects

Question 8

reactivity concerns

Answer 8

participants may behave how they want to be perceived or how they think you want them to

Question 9

audience effects

Answer 9

someone observing you may increase or decrease your performance on subconscious levels

Question 10

disguised observation

Answer 10

participants are unaware they’re being observed

Question 11

concerns about disguised observation

Answer 11

deception concerns, could violate people’s right

Question 12

alternatives to disguised observation (3)

Answer 12

partial concealment
knowledgeable informants
unobtrusive measures

Question 13

partial concealment (alternative method to disguised observation)

Answer 13

participants are aware but not about what behaviors are being measured

Question 14

knowledgeable informants (alternative method to disguised observation)

Answer 14

get information from someone who is close to the participant

Question 15

unobtrusive measures (alternative method to disguised observation)

Answer 15

indirect measurements; not interacting with the participants

Question 16

4 different ways to record behavior (observational research)

Answer 16

narrative
checklists
rating scales
temporal measures

Question 17

recording method: narrative

Answer 17

code what participants are saying, qualitative (categorizing)

Question 18

recording method: checklists

Answer 18

observe whether or not a behavior occurs (is there an instance of sharing?)

Question 19

recording method: rating scales

Answer 19

documenting how much of a behavior is present (how often are there instances of sharing?)

Question 20

recording method: temporal measures

Answer 20

how long does something take?

Question 21

4 temporal measures

Answer 21

task completion time
duration
reaction time
inter-behavior latency

Question 22

temporal measure: duration

Answer 22

time before someone does something

Question 23

temporal measure: reaction time

Answer 23

time between a stimulus and a reaction (implicit association task)

Question 24

temporal measure: inter-behavior latency

Answer 24

how long between different behaviors?

Question 25

inter-rater reliability

Answer 25

consistency among ratings of observers; important to minimize measurement error so we have greater systematic variance

Question 26

how can we improve inter-rater reliability? (2)

Answer 26

operationalize variables; define a construct with particular physical behaviors (list) thorough training

Question 27

threshold of satisfactory inter-rater reliability

Answer 27

80% or 0.8

Question 28

2 main types of self-report measures

Answer 28

questionnaires and interviews

Question 29

advantages of questionnaires

Answer 29

cheap, convenient, easily accessible, participant anonymity

Question 30

single-item measures

Answer 30

questions that are stand alone (age, sex, income, demographic data)

Question 31

multi-item scales

Answer 31

look more at constructs, sets of items measuring the same construct or idea

Question 32

response formats for questionnaires (3)

Answer 32

open ended fixed alternative (dichotomous or multiple choice) rating scales

Question 33

advantages of interviews

Answer 33

can ask follow up questions or ask participants to elaborate sometimes more appropriate for certain populations like small children

Question 34

important reminders for interviewing

Answer 34

be friendly conceal personal reactions create a script and follow it across all participants include standard follow-up questions ensure that questions are clear do not lead the respondent

Question 35

experience sampling

Answer 35

ask for people's experience in real time

Question 36

advantages of experience sampling

Answer 36

good for longitudinal studies helps with memory in real time

Question 37

2 types of experience sampling

Answer 37

asking someone to write in a diary computerized – an app will prompt the participant

Question 38

2 biases in self-report measures

Answer 38

social desirability bias acquiescence

Question 39

social desirability bias

Answer 39

answering how they think they should

Question 40

acquiescence

Answer 40

someone puts in all the same answers regardless of the questions on the survey; prevent this with reverse coded questions

Question 41

physiological measures

Answer 41

how do physical things like heart or respiration rate relate to psychological outcomes?

Question 42

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 42

measures electrical activity in the brain; good temporal resolution (time) but not spatial (where it is in the brain)

Question 43

advantages of EEG

Answer 43

tolerant of movement, comfortable, good for small kids

Question 44

electromyograph (EMG)

Answer 44

measures muscle movement

Question 45

neuroimaging (MRI)

Answer 45

good spatial resolution, but not temporal; measures blood flow or oxygen present in a brain region (indicating activity)

Question 46

disadvantages of neuroimaging

Answer 46

cannot move, cannot have metal inside the large magnet

Question 47

fMRI

Answer 47

measures oxygen in different brain regions in response to different stimulus presentations; measures connectivity between regions

Question 48

remember when interpreting neuroimaging results

Answer 48

results are all correlational unless you lesion or use TMS when participants see/do this, there is activity in this brain region (not necessarily cause and effect) specificity – can you compare the activity to other brain regions? baseline – activity is affected by attention and arousal

Question 49

how could we use heart rate and skin conductance in a study?

Answer 49

proxy of stress or arousal, sweating

Question 50

how could we use blood and saliva assays in research?

Answer 50

saliva is a good way to measure cortisol levels

Question 51

pros of physiological measures

Answer 51

completely involuntary fairly unbiased and uncontrolled by participants easier to operationalize

Question 52

cons of physiological measures

Answer 52

costly, time consuming, difficult to interpret what physical reactions mean

Question 53

what additional research can we do to help us interpret physiological measures more accurately?

Answer 53

use multiple measurements and make sure these correlate with another scale of the variable you're attempting to measure (and not something unrelated)

Question 54

archival data

Answer 54

using pre-existing data

Question 55

what kind of data is archival data?

Answer 55

usually not collected for research purposes, like census data

Question 56

what kind of research is archival data good for?

Answer 56

studying changes over time, rare events (riots, mass murders)

Question 57

limitations of archival data

Answer 57

data validity/reliability concerns you didn't collect the data insufficient information