Q2- L1 Flashcards
is constantly changing through the years.
The Earth
According to the Continental Drift Theory proposed by ______ the Earth was once a giant landmass called_______
Alfred Wegener ; Pangaea
Shaping the Earth’s surface involves a geological process called
weathering
________ is the process of breaking down rocks, soils, and minerals together with other materials at or near the Earth’s surface.
Weathering
_____ is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved elsewhere by wind, water or ice, weathering involves no moving agent of transport.
Erosion
It is the process of breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, either by extreme temperatures or rainwater or biological activity. It simply does not involve any movement of rock material.
Erosion
The three broad categories of mechanisms for weathering:
- Physical Weathering
- Chemical Weathering
- Biological Weathering
Physical weathering is also called _____
Mechanical weathering
It is the process wherein rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition.
Physical weathering
It is caused by successive heating and cooling which causes the expansion and contraction of rocks.
Block disintegration
It breaks because of too hot weather in the morning, and cold weather at night
Block disintegration
Other term for frost weathering
Frost wedging or Freeze Thaw
refers to the alternate freezing and thawing of water inside the joints of the rocks, causing them to split into smaller particles or fragments
Frost weathering
Same as frost weathering but has salt
Salt crystal growth
Happens when two rocks bump into each other and breaks
Abrasion
Water seeps into cracks and fractures in the rock is an example of
Frost weathering
It is different from mechanical weathering because the rock changes, not just in size of pieces, but in composition
Chemical weathering
one type of mineral changes into a different mineral is an example of
Chemical weathering
It works through chemical reactions that cause changes in the minerals, rocks and minerals are reacting to acids, oxygen, carbon and water
Chemical weathering
It is the most important agent of chemical weathering
Water
Two other important agents of chemical weathering are ______ and ______
carbon dioxide and oxygen
It is the chemical breakdown of a substance when combined with water. The addition of water in the rock increases its volume which changes the shape. Eventually, the water together with other elements breaks down the rock.
Hydrolysis
It refers to the reaction of oxygen with metal elements in a rock, forming oxides. An easily recognizable example of this is rust.
Oxidation
Rust, for example, is iron oxide. When rocks, particularly those with iron in them, are exposed to air and water, the iron undergoes _________, which can weaken the rocks and make them crumble.
oxidation
This occurs when carbonic acid (usually carbon dioxide mixing with water) reacts with minerals in rock
Carbonation
It is very common in nature where it works to dissolve rock.
Carbonic acid
_______, such as sulfur and nitrogen, from fossil fuel burning, create sulfuric and nitric acid.
Pollutants
_____ and _____ are the two main components of acid rain, which accelerate chemical weathering.
Sulfuric and nitric acids
_____ rapidly weathers limestone, marble, and other kinds of stone.
Acid rain
Acid rain rapidly weathers_____,______, and other kinds of stone.
limestone, marble
It is the disintegration of rocks caused by living organisms such as plants.
animals, humans.
Biotic or Biological Weathering
Other term for biologic weathering
Biotic weathering
It is a natural process
Weathering
Burning coal, natural gas, and petroleum releases chemicals such as ____ and ____ into the atmosphere.
nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide
_____ weathers slowly because it it difficult for water to penetrate the rock due to the tightness of crystal interlocking.
Igneous rock
_______, however, weathers relatively faster and will weather even faster when it comes in contact with water and acids like carbonic acid.
Limestone
______ also has an effect on the rates at which rock weathers.
Climate
________ is going to occur frequently in warm tropical climates due to all the precipitation.
Chemical weathering
a process called ______ transports the bits of rock and mineral away. No rock on Earth is hard enough to resist the forces of weathering and erosion.
Erosion
_____ and _____ constantly change the rocky landscape of Earth.
Weathering and erosion
