Q1: Methods of Philosophizing

Question 1

The way of doing philosophy.

Answer 1

Philosophizing

Question 2

It means learning to evaluate arguments and sort truths from opinions.

Answer 2

philosophize

Question 3

To philosophize is to think ____________ and ____________.

Answer 3

• reflectively
• philosophically

Question 4

The methods of philosophizing will guide man in his quest for __________.

Answer 4

wisdom

Question 5

5 Methods of Philosophizing

Answer 5

1. Logic
2. Phenomenology
3. Existentialism
4. Postmodernism
5. Analytic Tradition

Question 6

It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments.

Answer 6

Logic

Question 7

It requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating an idea.

Answer 7

Logic

Question 8

Two types of logic

Answer 8

• inductive reasoning
• deductive reasoning

Question 9

Type of logic where a particular thought comes first before the general idea.

Answer 9

inductive reasoning

Question 10

Type of reasoning where the general idea comes first before the specific one.

Answer 10

Deductive reasoning

Question 11

An example of inductive thinking were arriving at truth is done through question and answer.

Answer 11

Socratic Method

Question 12

A method of philosophy with the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and understood by human consciousness.

Answer 12

phenomenology

Question 13

This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one’s attitude and outlook in life.

Answer 13

Existentialism

Question 14

Truth for existentialists is a by-product of ____________.

Answer 14

rational choice

Question 15

True or False:
Existentialism believes in the objectivity of truth since man has the free will (freedom) to decide his reality.

Answer 15

False

Existentialism believes in the subjectivity of truth

Question 16

In this method, man is viewed as a free agent and is capable of making choices.

Answer 16

Existentialism

Question 17

Truth in the postmodernist thinking is ____________.

Answer 17

relative

Question 18

In this method, truth is treated as subjective because there is no single attribute to the word real. It can have different views or meanings.

Answer 18

Postmodernism

Question 19

This method believes that philosophical problems can be attributed to the misunderstanding of the language.

Answer 19

Analytic Tradition

Question 20

In this method, an analysis and pure systematic logic must be applied to obtain the meaning of a concept.

Answer 20

Analytic Tradition

Question 21

This method is more concerned about the logical structures, forms, and definitions of words and statements and their logical relations reality.

Answer 21

Analytic Tradition

Question 22

They are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning.

Answer 22

fallacies

Question 23

They are are usually intentional and are designed to persuade or convince.

Answer 23

fallacies

Question 24

They are tendencies and influences of a person’s view and are not necessarily errors in reasoning.

Answer 24

biases

Question 25

9 types of fallacies

Answer 25

1. Ad Hominem 2. Appeal to Force 3. Appeal to Emotion 4. Appeal to the Popular 5. Appeal to Tradition 6. Begging the Question 7. Cause-and-Effect 8. Fallacy of Composition 9. Fallacy of Division

Question 26

Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the issue itself.

Answer 26

Ad Hominem

Question 27

Using the threat of force or an undesirable evet to advance an argument.

Answer 27

Appeal to Force

Question 28

Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

Answer 28

Appeal to Emotion

Question 29

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

Answer 29

Appeal to the Popular

Question 30

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

Answer 30

Appeal to Tradition

Question 31

Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as a circular argument.

Answer 31

Begging the Question

Question 32

Assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events.

Answer 32

Cause-and-Effect

Question 33

Assuming that what is true of a part is consistent for the whole.

Answer 33

Fallacy of Composition

Question 34

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

Answer 34

Fallacy of Division

Question 35

A tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her action, without regard for external factors or influences.

Answer 35

Correspondence Bias or Attribution Effect

Question 36

A tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that goes against it.

Answer 36

Confirmation Bias

Question 37

6 Common Types of Biases

Answer 37

1. Correspondence Bias/Attribution Effect 2. Confirmation Bias 3. Framing 4. Hindsight 5. Conflict of Interest 6. Cultural Bias

Question 38

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

Answer 38

Framing

Question 39

The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events.

Answer 39

Hindsight

Question 40

A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.

Answer 40

Conflict of Interest

Question 41

Analyzing an event or issue-based one’s cultural standards

Answer 41

Cultural Bias

Question 42

Inductive reasoning aims at ____________ while deductive reasoning aims at ____________.

Answer 42

* developing a theory * testing an existing theory

Question 43

It is used when there is little to no existing literature on a topic because there is no theory to test.

Answer 43

Inductive Research

Question 44

3 Stages of Inductive Research Approach

Answer 44

1. Observation 2. Observe a Pattern 3. Develop a Theory

Question 45

**True or False:** A conclusion drawn can be proven with inductive approach.

Answer 45

False ## Footnote A conclusion drawn **can never be proven**, but it can be **invalidated**.

Question 46

An approach that always starts with a theory.

Answer 46

Deductive Research Approach

Question 47

**True or False:** If there is no theory yet, you cannot conduct deductive research.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

**True or False:** In deductive approach, the conclusions can only be true if none of the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.

Answer 48

False ## Footnote the conclusions can only be true if **ALL** the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.

Question 49

4 Steps in Deductive Research Approach

Answer 49

1. Start with an existing theory 2. Formulate a hypothesis based on existing theory 3. Collect data to test the hypothesis 4. Analyze the results