Q1: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
The way of doing philosophy.
Philosophizing
It means learning to evaluate arguments and sort truths from opinions.
philosophize
To philosophize is to think ____________ and ____________.
- reflectively
- philosophically
The methods of philosophizing will guide man in his quest for __________.
wisdom
5 Methods of Philosophizing
- Logic
- Phenomenology
- Existentialism
- Postmodernism
- Analytic Tradition
It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments.
Logic
It requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating an idea.
Logic
Two types of logic
- inductive reasoning
- deductive reasoning
Type of logic where a particular thought comes first before the general idea.
inductive reasoning
Type of reasoning where the general idea comes first before the specific one.
Deductive reasoning
An example of inductive thinking were arriving at truth is done through question and answer.
Socratic Method
A method of philosophy with the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and understood by human consciousness.
phenomenology
This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one’s attitude and outlook in life.
Existentialism
Truth for existentialists is a by-product of ____________.
rational choice
True or False:
Existentialism believes in the objectivity of truth since man has the free will (freedom) to decide his reality.
False
Existentialism believes in the subjectivity of truth
In this method, man is viewed as a free agent and is capable of making choices.
Existentialism
Truth in the postmodernist thinking is ____________.
relative
In this method, truth is treated as subjective because there is no single attribute to the word real. It can have different views or meanings.
Postmodernism
This method believes that philosophical problems can be attributed to the misunderstanding of the language.
Analytic Tradition
In this method, an analysis and pure systematic logic must be applied to obtain the meaning of a concept.
Analytic Tradition
This method is more concerned about the logical structures, forms, and definitions of words and statements and their logical relations reality.
Analytic Tradition
They are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning.
fallacies
They are are usually intentional and are designed to persuade or convince.
fallacies
They are tendencies and influences of a person’s view and are not necessarily errors in reasoning.
biases
9 types of fallacies
- Ad Hominem
- Appeal to Force
- Appeal to Emotion
- Appeal to the Popular
- Appeal to Tradition
- Begging the Question
- Cause-and-Effect
- Fallacy of Composition
- Fallacy of Division
Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the issue itself.
Ad Hominem
Using the threat of force or an undesirable evet to advance an argument.
Appeal to Force
Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to Emotion
The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
Appeal to the Popular
The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
Appeal to Tradition
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as a circular argument.
Begging the Question
Assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events.
Cause-and-Effect
Assuming that what is true of a part is consistent for the whole.
Fallacy of Composition
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.
Fallacy of Division
A tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her action, without regard for external factors or influences.
Correspondence Bias or
Attribution Effect
A tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that goes against it.
Confirmation Bias
6 Common Types of Biases
- Correspondence Bias/Attribution Effect
- Confirmation Bias
- Framing
- Hindsight
- Conflict of Interest
- Cultural Bias
Focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other aspects.
Framing
The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events.
Hindsight
A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.
Conflict of Interest
Analyzing an event or issue-based one’s cultural standards
Cultural Bias
Inductive reasoning aims at ____________ while deductive reasoning aims at ____________.
- developing a theory
- testing an existing theory
It is used when there is little to no existing literature on a topic because there is no theory to test.
Inductive Research
3 Stages of Inductive Research Approach
- Observation
- Observe a Pattern
- Develop a Theory
True or False:
A conclusion drawn can be proven with inductive approach.
False
A conclusion drawn can never be proven, but it can be invalidated.
An approach that always starts with a theory.
Deductive Research Approach
True or False:
If there is no theory yet, you cannot conduct deductive research.
True
True or False:
In deductive approach, the conclusions can only be true if none of the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.
False
the conclusions can only be true if ALL the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.
4 Steps in Deductive Research Approach
- Start with an existing theory
- Formulate a hypothesis based on existing theory
- Collect data to test the hypothesis
- Analyze the results
