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Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person > Q1: Methods of Philosophizing > Flashcards

Q1: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards

1
Q

The way of doing philosophy.

A

Philosophizing

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2
Q

It means learning to evaluate arguments and sort truths from opinions.

A

philosophize

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3
Q

To philosophize is to think ____________ and ____________.

A
  • reflectively
  • philosophically
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4
Q

The methods of philosophizing will guide man in his quest for __________.

A

wisdom

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5
Q

5 Methods of Philosophizing

A
  1. Logic
  2. Phenomenology
  3. Existentialism
  4. Postmodernism
  5. Analytic Tradition
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6
Q

It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments.

A

Logic

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7
Q

It requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating an idea.

A

Logic

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8
Q

Two types of logic

A
  • inductive reasoning
  • deductive reasoning
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9
Q

Type of logic where a particular thought comes first before the general idea.

A

inductive reasoning

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10
Q

Type of reasoning where the general idea comes first before the specific one.

A

Deductive reasoning

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11
Q

An example of inductive thinking were arriving at truth is done through question and answer.

A

Socratic Method

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12
Q

A method of philosophy with the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and understood by human consciousness.

A

phenomenology

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13
Q

This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one’s attitude and outlook in life.

A

Existentialism

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14
Q

Truth for existentialists is a by-product of ____________.

A

rational choice

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15
Q

True or False:
Existentialism believes in the objectivity of truth since man has the free will (freedom) to decide his reality.

A

False

Existentialism believes in the subjectivity of truth

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16
Q

In this method, man is viewed as a free agent and is capable of making choices.

A

Existentialism

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17
Q

Truth in the postmodernist thinking is ____________.

A

relative

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18
Q

In this method, truth is treated as subjective because there is no single attribute to the word real. It can have different views or meanings.

A

Postmodernism

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19
Q

This method believes that philosophical problems can be attributed to the misunderstanding of the language.

A

Analytic Tradition

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20
Q

In this method, an analysis and pure systematic logic must be applied to obtain the meaning of a concept.

A

Analytic Tradition

21
Q

This method is more concerned about the logical structures, forms, and definitions of words and statements and their logical relations reality.

A

Analytic Tradition

22
Q

They are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning.

A

fallacies

23
Q

They are are usually intentional and are designed to persuade or convince.

A

fallacies

24
Q

They are tendencies and influences of a person’s view and are not necessarily errors in reasoning.

A

biases

25
Q

9 types of fallacies

A
  1. Ad Hominem
  2. Appeal to Force
  3. Appeal to Emotion
  4. Appeal to the Popular
  5. Appeal to Tradition
  6. Begging the Question
  7. Cause-and-Effect
  8. Fallacy of Composition
  9. Fallacy of Division
26
Q

Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the issue itself.

A

Ad Hominem

27
Q

Using the threat of force or an undesirable evet to advance an argument.

A

Appeal to Force

28
Q

Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

A

Appeal to Emotion

29
Q

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

A

Appeal to the Popular

30
Q

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

A

Appeal to Tradition

31
Q

Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as a circular argument.

A

Begging the Question

32
Q

Assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events.

A

Cause-and-Effect

33
Q

Assuming that what is true of a part is consistent for the whole.

A

Fallacy of Composition

34
Q

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

A

Fallacy of Division

35
Q

A tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her action, without regard for external factors or influences.

A

Correspondence Bias or
Attribution Effect

36
Q

A tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that goes against it.

A

Confirmation Bias

37
Q

6 Common Types of Biases

A
  1. Correspondence Bias/Attribution Effect
  2. Confirmation Bias
  3. Framing
  4. Hindsight
  5. Conflict of Interest
  6. Cultural Bias
38
Q

Focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other aspects.

A

Framing

39
Q

The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events.

A

Hindsight

40
Q

A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.

A

Conflict of Interest

41
Q

Analyzing an event or issue-based one’s cultural standards

A

Cultural Bias

42
Q

Inductive reasoning aims at ____________ while deductive reasoning aims at ____________.

A
  • developing a theory
  • testing an existing theory
43
Q

It is used when there is little to no existing literature on a topic because there is no theory to test.

A

Inductive Research

44
Q

3 Stages of Inductive Research Approach

A
  1. Observation
  2. Observe a Pattern
  3. Develop a Theory
45
Q

True or False:
A conclusion drawn can be proven with inductive approach.

A

False

A conclusion drawn can never be proven, but it can be invalidated.

46
Q

An approach that always starts with a theory.

A

Deductive Research Approach

47
Q

True or False:
If there is no theory yet, you cannot conduct deductive research.

A

True

48
Q

True or False:
In deductive approach, the conclusions can only be true if none of the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.

A

False

the conclusions can only be true if ALL the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.

49
Q

4 Steps in Deductive Research Approach

A
  1. Start with an existing theory
  2. Formulate a hypothesis based on existing theory
  3. Collect data to test the hypothesis
  4. Analyze the results

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (11 decks)

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