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Neuro > Q1 > Flashcards

Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the eyes?

A

Contracts the meridional fibers of the iris, dilating the pupil

Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the circular muscle of the iris, constricting the pupil.

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2
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?

A

Increases activity by promoting peristalsis and relaxing sphincters

Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits peristalsis and increases sphincter tone.

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3
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart?

A

Increases both rate and force of heart contraction

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases rate and strength of contraction.

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4
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the liver?

A

Causes glucose to be released

Parasympathetic stimulation causes slight glycogen synthesis.

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5
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the lungs?

A

Causes bronchodilation

Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction.

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6
Q

What is a key characteristic of electrical synapses?

A

They have direct cytoplasmic continuity via gap junctions, causing no synaptic delay

Located in CNS, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

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7
Q

What distinguishes chemical synapses from electrical synapses?

A

Chemical synapses have synaptic delays due to the transit time of chemical mediators

Majority of neurons in the CNS have chemically mediated synapses.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

A

Transmits sensory information rapidly with a high degree of spatial orientation

Signals are transmitted at velocities of 30-110 m/sec.

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9
Q

What is the anatomy of a synapse?

A

A junction point between neurons, with a synaptic cleft usually 200 to 300 angstroms wide

Contains transmitter vesicles and mitochondria for neurotransmitter synthesis.

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10
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

A

Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to flow in

Calcium binds with proteins to cause release of neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

What percentage of the body’s total metabolism does brain metabolism account for?

A

15%

Neuronal metabolism can increase by 100% to 150% during high brain activity.

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12
Q

What is the primary energy source for the brain under normal conditions?

A

Glucose derived from the blood

Transport through the neuronal cell membrane is not dependent on insulin.

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13
Q

What are the major levels of the central nervous system?

A

Spinal cord, subcortical level, cortical level

Each level has distinct functions and controls.

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14
Q

What functions does the spinal cord perform independently of the brain?

A

Walking movements, reflexes to withdraw from pain, support against gravity, control of local blood vessels

It acts as a conduit for signals between the body and brain.

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15
Q

What structures are included in the subcortical level of the brain?

A

Medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Most subconscious activity occurs here.

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16
Q

What is the role of the cortical level in the CNS?

A

Converts functions of lower brain centers into precise functions

Essential for thought processes and requires lower brain centers for wakefulness.

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17
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the eyes?

A

Contracts the meridional fibers of the iris, dilating the pupil

Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the circular muscle of the iris, constricting the pupil.

How well did you know this?
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3
4
5
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18
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?

A

Increases activity by promoting peristalsis and relaxing sphincters

Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits peristalsis and increases sphincter tone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart?

A

Increases both rate and force of heart contraction

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases rate and strength of contraction.

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20
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the liver?

A

Causes glucose to be released

Parasympathetic stimulation causes slight glycogen synthesis.

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21
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the lungs?

A

Causes bronchodilation

Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction.

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22
Q

What is a key characteristic of electrical synapses?

A

They have direct cytoplasmic continuity via gap junctions, causing no synaptic delay

Located in CNS, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What distinguishes chemical synapses from electrical synapses?

A

Chemical synapses have synaptic delays due to the transit time of chemical mediators

Majority of neurons in the CNS have chemically mediated synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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24
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

A

Transmits sensory information rapidly with a high degree of spatial orientation

Signals are transmitted at velocities of 30-110 m/sec.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the anatomy of a synapse?

A

A junction point between neurons, with a synaptic cleft usually 200 to 300 angstroms wide

Contains transmitter vesicles and mitochondria for neurotransmitter synthesis.

26
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

A

Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to flow in

Calcium binds with proteins to cause release of neurotransmitters.

27
Q

What percentage of the body’s total metabolism does brain metabolism account for?

A

15%

Neuronal metabolism can increase by 100% to 150% during high brain activity.

28
Q

What is the primary energy source for the brain under normal conditions?

A

Glucose derived from the blood

Transport through the neuronal cell membrane is not dependent on insulin.

29
Q

What are the major levels of the central nervous system?

A

Spinal cord, subcortical level, cortical level

Each level has distinct functions and controls.

30
Q

What functions does the spinal cord perform independently of the brain?

A

Walking movements, reflexes to withdraw from pain, support against gravity, control of local blood vessels

It acts as a conduit for signals between the body and brain.

31
Q

What structures are included in the subcortical level of the brain?

A

Medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Most subconscious activity occurs here.

32
Q

What is the role of the cortical level in the CNS?

A

Converts functions of lower brain centers into precise functions

Essential for thought processes and requires lower brain centers for wakefulness.

33
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?

A

Most visceral functions of the body

The ANS influences involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

34
Q

How quickly can the ANS change heart rate?

A

In three to five seconds

The ANS can rapidly adapt bodily functions to environmental changes.

35
Q

What are the two main components of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
36
Q

What activates the autonomic nervous system?

A

Centers located in the spinal cord, brain stem, and hypothalamus

Additionally, portions of the cerebral cortex also play a role.

37
Q

What type of reflexes does the ANS operate through?

A

Visceral reflexes

These reflexes involve subconscious sensory signals from visceral organs.

38
Q

What is the average blood flow through the brain of an adult?

A

50 to 65 mL/100 g of brain tissue/min

This flow is critical for maintaining brain metabolism.

39
Q

What anatomical structures form the circle of Willis?

A
  • Two carotid arteries
  • Two vertebral arteries
40
Q

Which factors contribute to the regulation of cerebral blood flow?

A
  • CO2 concentration
  • H+ concentration
  • O2 concentration
  • Substances released from astrocytes
41
Q

Which type of brain tissue has a higher number of capillaries?

A

Gray matter

The metabolic rate of gray matter is about four times greater than that of white matter.

42
Q

True or False: Brain capillaries are more leaky than blood capillaries elsewhere.

A

False

Brain capillaries are less leaky due to supportive glial cells.

43
Q

What are the three major components of the analgesia system?

A
  • Periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas
  • Raphe magnus nucleus
  • Pain inhibitory complex in the dorsal horns
44
Q

What substances are released as part of the analgesia system?

A
  • Enkephalin
  • Serotonin
45
Q

What are the breakdown products of the large protein molecules related to the endogenous opiate system?

A
  • β-endorphin
  • Met-enkephalin
  • Leu-enkephalin
  • Dynorphin
46
Q

What is the ‘alarm’ response also known as?

A

‘Fight or flight’ response

This response is triggered by strong activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

47
Q

List the results of the ‘alarm’ response.

A
  • Increased arterial pressure
  • Increased blood flow to active muscles
  • Decreased blood flow to non-essential organs
  • Increased rates of cellular metabolism
  • Increased blood glucose concentration
  • Increased glycolysis
  • Increased muscle strength
  • Increased mental activity
  • Increased rate of blood coagulation
48
Q

What occurs during neuronal inhibition?

A

Inhibition occurs via the opening of chloride ion channels, increase in potassium ion conductance out of the neuron, and activation of receptor enzymes.

49
Q

How do chloride ions contribute to neuronal inhibition?

A

Chloride ions diffuse into the postsynaptic neuron, increasing negativity inside and causing hyperpolarization.

50
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition?

A

Presynaptic inhibition occurs at the presynaptic terminals due to the release of an inhibitory substance, often GABA, which opens anion channels.

51
Q

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

CSF cushions the brain, is present in the ventricles and subarachnoid space, and forms at a rate of 500 mL/day.

52
Q

Where does CSF primarily originate?

A

About 2/3 of CSF originates from the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles.

53
Q

Describe the flow of CSF.

A

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle, then down the aqueduct of Sylvius to the fourth ventricle, and into the cisterna magna.

54
Q

How is CSF absorbed?

A

CSF is absorbed through arachnoidal villi into the venous blood, acting as valves to prevent backflow.

55
Q

What does the anterolateral pathway transmit?

A

The anterolateral pathway transmits sensory signals such as pain, heat, crude tactile sensations, and itch.

56
Q

Where do anterolateral fibers originate?

A

Anterolateral fibers mainly originate in dorsal horn laminae I, IV, V, and VI.

57
Q

How does signal transmission occur in the anterolateral pathway?

A

Signals cross into the anterior commissure and ascend via the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts to the brain.

58
Q

What is the process of neuronal excitation?

A

Excitation occurs through the opening of sodium channels, depressed conduction of chloride or potassium channels, and metabolic changes in the postsynaptic neuron.

59
Q

What is the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

The excitatory postsynaptic potential raises the resting membrane potential from -65 mV to -45 mV.

60
Q

What are synaptic transmitters?

A

Synaptic transmitters include over 50 chemical substances, such as small-molecule transmitters and neuropeptides.

61
Q

What are examples of small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

Examples include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and ATP.

62
Q

What is the function of neuropeptides?

A

Neuropeptides usually cause more prolonged actions compared to small-molecule transmitters.

Neuro (4 decks)

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