Q&As Flashcards
Overall, _____ to _____% of breast cancer is caused by an underlying genetic mutation?
2 to 4%
3 to 5%
12 to 14%
30 to 50%
12 to 14%
Germline mutations:
- Are present from conception and therefore exist in every cell in the body
- Cannot be passed on from generation to generation
- Cannot be responsible for increasing disease, like cancer
- Generally are only present within a cancer tumor
Are present from conception and therefore exist in every cell in the body
Choose the statement below that best describes familial cancer:
- It refers to an alteration in a gene which strongly contributes to the development of cancer
- Likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors
- Occurs by chance
- Occurs when an altered gene is passed down in the family from parent to child
Likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors
Each child of a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation carrier has a:
- 25% chance of inheriting the mutation
- 50% chance of inheriting the mutation
- Up to 50% chance of developing breast cancer by the time she/he is 50 years old
- Up to 87% chance of developing breast cancer in his/her lifetime
50% chance of inheriting the mutation
What Federal Legislation protects against genetic discrimination?
- BART & GINA
- HIPAA & BSO
- HIPAA & GINA
- There are no federal laws, only state laws, that protect against genetic discrimination
HIPAA & GINA
A genetic variant of uncertain significance is:
- A gene change that has never been seen before
- A gene change that may or may not affect the protein in a harmful way
- A protein-truncating gene change found in someone with no family history of cancer
- Usually best treated as if it were positive
A gene change that may or may not affect the protein in a harmful way
Which of the following should be communicated to providers about the management of patients with a “VUS” result?
- It is best to re-test the patient in 6 months to 1 year to see if he/she has a different result
- It is suggested to manage that patient according to his/her risk based on the personal and family cancer history
- It is suggested to treat that patient as if he/she had a “positive for a deleterious mutation” result
- Contact our customer service department
It is suggested to manage that patient according to his/her risk based on the personal and family cancer history
Which of the following societies recognize the benefits of hereditary cancer panels:
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
- National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC)
- American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBS)
- American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
- All of the above
All of the above
How many genes are currently included on the Myriad myRisk Hereditary Cancer Panel?
- 15
- 25
- 28
- 35
35
The Myriad myRisk Hereditary Cancer product is a genetic testing panel for the identification of clinically significant mutations associated with inherited risk for which of the following eight cancers:
- Breast, Colorectal, Ovarian, Endometrial, Gastric, Pancreatic, Melanoma, & Prostate
- Breast, Colorectal, Ovarian, Gastric, Pancreatic, Lung, Uterine, & Thyroid
- Breast, Colorectal, Ovarian, Endometrial, Lung, Pancreatic, Melanoma, & Renal
- Breast, Colorectal, Ovarian, Cervical, Gastric, Pancreatic, Melanoma, & Prostate
Breast, Colorectal, Ovarian, Endometrial, Gastric, Pancreatic, Melanoma, & Prostate
The clinical management guidelines mentioned in the myRisk management tool are based on:
- A patient’s genetic test results & Personal/Family Cancer History
- A patient’s genetic test results only
- A patient’s personal/family cancer history only
- A patient’s family history of cancer only
A patient’s genetic test results & Personal/Family Cancer History
A woman at POPULATION RISK has a ___ chance of developing breast cancer at some point before the age of 80.
1 in 5 (20%)
1 in 8 (12%)
1 in 20 (5%)
1 in 22 (5.2%)
1 in 8 (12%)
Among the GENERAL POPULATION, the median age at diagnosis of breast cancer is between ____________ years.
35-44
55-64
70-75
80-85
55-64
In a family with a known BRCA 1/2 mutation, a woman with a NEGATIVE myRisk result - and has never had breast cancer - would be considered at _____________ of developing breast cancer in her lifetime.
General population risk
Up to 44%
Up to 64%
Up to 87%
General Population Risk
An estimated ___________ new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to occur in the U.S. each year.
80, 000
155, 000
200, 000
255, 000
255,000
Of the percentage of breast cancers that are hereditary, the majority is due to inherited mutations in either the ________ gene or the ________ gene.
- BRCA 1, BRCA 2
- BRCA 1, PALB2
- BRCA 2, tp53
- BRCA 2, MLH1
BRCA 1, BRCA 2
It is recommended that women with either a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene mutation have an annual breast cancer screening beginning at age:
18
20
25
40
25
Inherited mutations in the BRCA 1/2 genes are associated with ________ lifetime risk of developing breast cancer.
Up to a 44%
Up to a 64%
Up to an 82%
Up to an 87%
up to 87%
Approximately ___________% of all breast cancer cases are due to an inherited gene mutation.
2 - 4%
3 - 5%
12 - 14%
20 - 25%
12-14%
Which of the following are breast cancer screening guidelines for women 30 years or older who are at an increased risk (at or above 20%) of developing breast cancer due to their family history?
- Annual mammography and annual MRI
- Annual mammography and ultrasound every 3 - 6 months
- Clinical breast exam and PET scan every 6 - 12 months
- Clinical breast exam and ultrasounds every 6 - 12 months
Annual mammography and annual MRI
The following best describes the difference between a lumpectomy and a mastectomy:
- A lumpectomy is a breast-conserving surgery where only the tumor and a small sample of the surrounding tissue are removed. In contrast, a mastectomy entails the surgical removal of the whole breast.
- A lumpectomy is the removal of both breasts and surrounding tissue. A mastectomy is the removal of a lump in the breast.
- A lumpectomy removes the entire breast. In contrast, a mastectomy removes only a portion of the breast.
A lumpectomy is a breast-conserving surgery where only the tumor and a small sample of the surrounding tissue are removed. In contrast, a mastectomy entails the surgical removal of the whole breast.
Which of the following statements about breast screening are TRUE?
- Annual breast MRI screening is only offered to patients with a BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation
- General population breast screening includes annual mammogram and MRI beginning at the age of 40
- Most breast cancers are detected at early stages (stage 1-2) due to the presence of a breast lump/mass found on self-breast or clinical breast exams
- Patients at elevated risk (at or above 20%) of developing breast cancer may be eligible for annual breast MRI screening, in addition to mammography.
Patients at elevated risk (at or above 20%) of developing breast cancer may be eligible for annual breast MRI screening, in addition to mammography.
Which of the following scenarios exhibits a red flag for HBOC?
- One relative diagnosed with endometrial cancer before age 50
- A woman with DCIS diagnosed at age 65
- A woman whose mother was diagnosed with ER+ breast cancer at age 60 and a paternal aunt diagnosed with breast cancer at age 70
- Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50
Breast Cancer diagnosed before age 50
For a patient with a known BRCA 1 mutation, what is her risk of developing breast cancer?
The same as the general population
Up to 50%
Up to 64%
Up to 87%
up to 87%
Among the general population, the median age at diagnosis of colon cancer is between ________ years.
50 - 55
55 - 60
60 - 65
65 - 74
65-74
What is the approximate number of new cases of colorectal cancers diagnosed in the US each year?
28, 000
73, 000
135, 000
208, 000
135,000
In the general population, what is the average time it takes for a colorectal adenomatous polyp to progress to a carcinoma?
- to 10 weeks
- 1 to 3 years
- 3 to 4 years
- 5 to 10 years
5 to 10 years
In a patient with LYNCH SYNDROME, what is the average time it takes for a colorectal adenomatous polyp to progress to a carcinoma?
- to 10 weeks
- 1 to 3 years
- 3 to 4 years
- 5 to 10 years
1 to 3 years
What is the lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer in individuals with Lynch Syndrome?
Up to 25%
Up to 50%
Up to 82%
Up to 95%
up to 82%
What is the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer in women with LYNCH syndrome?
~1%
Up to 12%
Up to 13%
Up to 44%
up to 12%
All of the following are RED FLAGS for LYNCH syndrome EXCEPT:
- Early onset of breast cancer (before age 50)
- Early onset of colorectal cancer (before age 50)
- Early onset of endometrial cancer (before age 50)
- More than one relative on the same side of the family with a Lynch Syndrome related cancer, at least one of those cancers diagnosed before age 50
- Multiple primary Lynch Syndrome related cancers in the same person
Early onset of breast cancer (before age 50)
What is the lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer in women with Lynch Syndrome?
Up to 5%
Up to 13%
Up to 50%
Up to 87%
up to 13%
The most thorough procedure used to detect polyps in the colon is a:
- Barium enema
- Colonoscopy
- Fecal occult blood test
- Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
It is currently estimated that a prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) reduces the risk of ovarian cancer by ________ in women with BRCA 1/2 mutations.
- As much as 13% within 10 years
- As much as 16%
- As much as 68%
- As much as 96%
as much as 96%
Mutations in the BRCA 1/2 genes are associated with ________ lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Up to 12%
Up to 35%
Up to 63%
Up to 96%
up to 63%
It is estimated that approximately _________ women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year in the US.
15, 000
22, 000
35, 000
40, 000
22,000
Oral contraceptive can reduce the risk of __________ in BRCA 1/2 mutation positive patients.
- Breast cancer
- Colon cancer
- Endometrial cancer
- Ovarian cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Which of the following is the recommended surgery to reduce the gynecological cancer risk in women with a deleterious BRCA 1/2 mutation?
- Dilation and Curettage (D & C)
- Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy
- Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)
- Myomectomy
Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)
What is the lifetime risk of developing endometrial cancer in women with LYNCH syndrome?
Up to 20%
Up to 50%
Up to 71%
Up to 82%
up to 71%
What can be the first clear sign of endometrial cancer?
- Abnormal uterine bleed
- Back pain
- Bloating
- Headache
Abnormal Uterine Bleed
