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respiratory system > q and a > Flashcards

q and a Flashcards

1
Q

define respiration

A

the gaseous exchange between a living structure and its environment

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2
Q

what is the difference between internal and external respiration

A

internal respiration is the gaseous exchange between the blood and the tissues, whilst external respiration is the gaseous exchange between the air and the blood

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3
Q

by what other name may internal respiration be known

A

tissue respiration

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4
Q

how much o2 is present in inspired air

A

21%

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5
Q

how much o2 is present in expired air

A

16%

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6
Q

how much CO2 is present in inspired air

A

0.04%

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7
Q

how much CO2 is present in expired air

A

4-5%

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8
Q

what is the name of the most prevalent gas present in air

A

nitrogen

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9
Q

list the components of the respiratory system

A

nose and nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronicholes, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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10
Q

what is another name given to the nostrils

A

external nares

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11
Q

what is the name of the cartilaginous structure that divides the nasal chamber in two

A

the nasal septum

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12
Q

name the bones found within the nasal chamber and state their function

A

naso turbinate bones; these are covered with ciliates mm and serve to moisten warm and filter air passing over them prior to entry to the lower respiratory tract

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13
Q

what is the name given to the area at the back of the mouth used by both the respiratory and digestive tracks

A

the pharynx

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14
Q

there are several openings into the pharynx can you list them?

A

nasal chamber, mouth, 2 eustachian tubes, oesophagus, larynx

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses found in the skulls of large herbivores

A

lightening the weight of an otherwise very heavy skull

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16
Q

state , the two functions of the Larynx

A

entrance to lower respiratory tract and send production

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17
Q

what is the name of the structure that attaches the larynx to the skull and allows it to move back-and-forth like a swing?

A

the hyoid apparatus

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18
Q

what is the opening sited at the front of the larynx

A

the glottis

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19
Q

the epiglottis is responsible for closing the glottis during swallowing, what is the epiglottis made of

A

elastic cartilage

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20
Q

which are the following are the vocal cords, ligaments, or tendons or muscles?

A

ligaments

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21
Q

what is the correct name for the windpipe

A

trachea

22
Q

describe the structure of the trachea

A

comprises of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage separated by fibrous CT and smooth muscle fibres. it’s lined with ciliated mucous epithelium

23
Q

how many lung lobes does the dog have

A

3 in left 4 in right

24
Q

what is the name of the lobe present in the right lung lobe but not the left

A

accessory lobe

25
Q

state the names of the lobes in the left lung

A

cranial- apical
middle- cardiac
caudal- diaphragmatic

26
Q

what is the function of the alveoli

A

they are the site where gaseous exchange takes place

27
Q

in which of the body cavities are the lungs located

A

in the thoracic cavity

28
Q

state the main muscles involved in inspiration

A

external intercostals and diaphragm

29
Q

what is the name of the nerve that runs through the diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerve

30
Q

expiration is generally passive and is caused by the relaxation of the external intercostals and diaphragm, which muscles are involved in cases of forced respiration

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

31
Q

what are stretch receptors and where would you find them

A

these are responsible for informing the respiratory centres in the brain of the degree of inflation of the bronchial tree, they are located in the walls of the bronchioles

32
Q

what is the name of the reflex that controls the degree of inflation of the bronchial tree

A

hering-breuer reflex

33
Q

what is the cheyne-stokes reaction

A

the respiration that often occurs shortly before death and is characterised by alternating periods of deep, rapid, and shallow breathing

34
Q

state the normal respiratory rate range in cats and dogs

A

cats - 20-30 bpm
dogs- 10-30 bpm

35
Q

why do miniature breeds of dog, puppies and kittens have a higher respiratory rate

A

smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate and therefore require a greater o2 intake, there respiratory rate is higher

36
Q

state the pH of blood. why is this important in respiration

A

7.35
the pH of blood is important and respiration is controlled by centres in the medulla that increase the rate and depth of respiration to remove surplus CO2 and restore the blood pH to the correct level

37
Q

what is the function of the aortic and carotid bodies

A

these respond to changes in O2 and CO2 levels in the blood and influence the medullary respiratory centre accordingly

38
Q

what is meant by tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in and out during one quiet respiration

39
Q

what is the name given to the extra air drawn into the lungs during a forced intake of breath

A

inspiratory reserve volume

40
Q

what is the inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

41
Q

what is the name of the air left in the lungs following exportation

A

residual volume

42
Q

List five factors that may affect the vital capacity of the lungs

A

fullness of the stomach, presence of an intra, abdominal mass, gravity, uterus, a position of the animal, either standing, or lying, pulmonary oedema

43
Q

what is the name given to the volume of air drawn in at each respiration that never reaches the alveoli

A

dead space

44
Q

given an example of increased functional, dead space detrimental during general anaesthesia

A

the use of an overly long endotracheal tube

45
Q

define the following, apnoea, dyspnoea, bradypnoea, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea

A

apnoea- cessation of breathing
dyspnoea- difficulty breathing
bradypnoea- a slower than normal respiratory rate
tachypnoea- a faster than normal respiratory rate
hyperpnoea- panting

46
Q

define the following, hypoxia, asphyxia

A

hypoxia- inadequate oxygenation of the brain
asphyxia- a deficiency of O2 in the blood

47
Q

give four examples of possible causes of dyspnoea

A

Fluid in the alveolar spaces as a result of irritant, smoke inhalation after a fire, collapsed lungs as a result of a ruptured diaphragm, hypoxia as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning, obstructed upper airway as a result of pharyngeal foreign body

48
Q

List the four most important considerations in the nursing of a dyspnoeic patient

A

Close observation of the vital signs, (such as pulse rate and depth per spirit to rate in depth temperature and mucus membrane colour), rest, gentle, minimal handling in a common, quiet environment, provision of oxygen, if necessary

49
Q

describe the process of respiration

A

inspiration- the diaphragm contract and moves causally, the external intercostals contract and move the ribcage up and out, this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes negative pressure to compared to the external environment and air moves into the lungs

expiration- the diaphragm and internal intercostals relax, the intercostals contract making the thoracic cavity smaller which pushes air out

50
Q

explain what surfactant is and why it’s important and how it works

A

surfuctant is a fatty substance which covers the alveoli. surfactant is produced just before birth by the alveolar cells to allow lungs to open and allow aerobic respiration after birth. surfactant lowers the surface tension of the fluid inside the alveoli and has anti- viral and antimicrobial properties

51
Q

describe the physiological process of external respiration including the anatomical landmarks air passes through

A

air passed through the nares into the nasal cavity through the ethmoturbinate bones to nasopharynx over the epiglottis then into the larynx and trachea. from the trachea it passes into the bronchi, then bronchioles then terminal bronchioles then alveolar ducts then alveoli. this is where external respiration occur.

respiratory system (1 decks)

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