Q&A Content

Question 1

Who did research on coding and when?

Answer 1

Baddley, 1966

Question 2

What happened in Baddleys research?

Answer 2

Four groups were given a different list of words to remember:
Group 1: acoustically similar 
Group 2: acoustically dissimilar 
Group 3: semantically similar 
Group 4: semantically dissimilar

Question 3

What did Baddely find?

Answer 3

When participants recalled the list immediately after eye did worse on acoustically similar words
When participants recalled the list after a 20 minute interval they did worse on semantically dissimilar words

Question 4

Who did research on capacity and digit span?

Answer 4

Jacobs, 1887

Question 5

What did Jacobs do?

Answer 5

He measured digit span by giving participants 4 digits to remember, if they recalled this correctly then they would get 5 and so on

Question 6

What did Jacobs find?

Answer 6

Mean sons for digits was 9.3

Mean span for letters was 7.3

Question 7

Who did research into span of memory?

Answer 7

Miller, 1956

Question 8

What did Miller do?

Answer 8

Mde observations of everyday practice e.g. by recording how things come in 7s such as phone numbers

Question 9

What did Miller find?

Answer 9

Span of STM is 7±2

Question 10

Who did research into duration of STM?

Answer 10

Peterson, 1959

Question 11

How did Peterson carry out the study?

Answer 11

24 students
Each given a consonant syllable and a 3 digit number
To prevent rehearsal of they syllable they had to recall the number backwards until told to stop
Each time they would be told to stop after a different length of time

Question 12

What did Peterson find out?

Answer 12

The longer the retention interval was the lower the % of correct responses
Shows STM may have very short duration

Question 13

Who carried research out into duration of LTM?

Answer 13

Bahrick, 1975

Question 14

What did Bahrick do?

Answer 14

Studies 392 participants ages 17-74
Recall from school was tested on:
1- photo recognition test consisting of 50 photos
2- free recall test where they recalled all names

Question 15

What did Bahrick find out?

Answer 15

Participants who graduated within 15 years were about 90% accurate with photo recognition and 60% on free recall
Those who graduated after 48 years were about 70% accurate with photo recognition and 30% with free recall

Question 16

Who conducted research into context dependant forgetting?

Answer 16

Godden and Baddeley, 1975

Question 17

How did Godden and Baddeley carry out their study?

Answer 17

Divers learnt a list of words either on land or underwater and then asked to recall the words:
Learn on land- recall on land
Learn on land - recall underwater 
Learn underwater- recall underwater 
Learn underwater- recall on land

Question 18

What did Godden and Baddeley find?

Answer 18

Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non matching conditions

Question 19

Who carried out research into state dependent forgetting?

Answer 19

Carter and Cassaday, 1998

Question 20

What happened in Carter and Cassadays research?

Answer 20

Participants were given anti histamine drugs that make you feel drowsy
Participants had to learn a list of words
Learn on drug- recall on drug
Learn in drug- recall not on drug
Leran not on drug- recall not on drug
Learn not on drug- recall on drug

Question 21

What did Carter and Cassaday find out?

Answer 21

When cues were absent there is more forgetting as when there was a different in the internal state recall was worse

Question 22

Who carried out research into leading questions?

Answer 22

Loftus and Palmer, 1974

Question 23

What did Loftus and Palmer do?

Answer 23

Participants watched clips of car accidents and then answered questions about it
there were leading questions suggesting how fast the car was travelling

Question 24

What did Loftus and Palmer find out?

Answer 24

Contacted- mean speed was 31.8 mph
Smashed- mean speed was 40.5 mph
Leading questions biased the eyewitness recall of an event

Question 25

Who conducted research into post event discussion?

Answer 25

Gabbert, 2003

Question 26

What did Gabbert do?

Answer 26

Participants were studied in pairs
Each person in a pair watched a clip of a crime from a different perspective
Both people then discussed what they saw

Question 27

What did Gabbert find out?

Answer 27

715 of participants mistakenly recalled aspect of events they did not see in the video but had picked up from the discussion

Question 28

Who carried out a study into the negative effects of anxiety on recall?

Answer 28

Johnson and Scott, 1976

Question 29

What did Johnson and Scott do?

Answer 29

One group of participants were in the low anxiety group
They were seated in a waiting room
They heard an argument and a man walked out holding a pen
Another group were the high anxiety group
they were waiting in the same waiting room and heard the same argument
This time a man walked out holding a blooded knife
Later the participants had to pick out the man form 50 photos

Question 30

What did Johnson and Scott find?

Answer 30

49% of low anxiety group identified him
33% of high anxiety group identified the man
Tunnel theory- witnesses attention focuses on weapon because of fear

Question 31

Who did research into anxiety having a positive effect on recall?

Answer 31

Yullie and Cutshall, 1968

Question 32

What Yullie and Cutshall do?

Answer 32

Asked participants of witnesses to real life shooting to conduct an interview
They were asked to say how stressed they felt at the time
They also had to recall details about the accident

Question 33

What did Yullie and Cutshall find?

Answer 33

Thos who reported highest on the scale were most accurate at 88% compared to 75%