Python

Question 1

Define:

1) Integers
2) Float numbers
3) //
4) %

Answer 1

1) Números inteiros
2) Números decimais
3) Quociente da divisão, ex: 14 dividido por 3 é 4 (quociente) e sobra 2 (resto)
4) Resto da divisão

Question 2

Dê os símbolos das operações:

1) Adição +, Subtração -, Multiplicação *, Divisão /
2) Quociente da divisão
3) Resto da divisão
4) Potência
5) Raiz
6) Qual a ordem das operações

Answer 2

1)

2) //
3) % (module)
4) **
5) ** 1/(raiz desejada)
6) **, * e /, + e -

Question 3

Assignment: dar nome a algo
a = 10

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

a = a + a

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

a = 3 * a

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

print(a)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

X

Answer 3

X = 60

O próprio objeto pode mudar sua definição

Question 4

1) Os nomes podem começar com número? Podem conter números a partir do segundo caracter?
2) O que substitui espaços no Python? (‘ ‘)
3) Podemos usar qualquer símbolo ao nomear objetos no Python?
4) É melhor usar lowercase ou UPPERCASE?

Answer 4

1) Não. Sim.
2) __ (underline)
3) Não. Exemplo: :’””,<>/?|!@#%^&*~-+
4) lower case. Elegante

Question 5

Defina:

1) +=
2) -=
3) *=
4) /=
5) **=
6) %=

Answer 5

mais igual, menos igual, vezes igual, dividido igual, módulo igual

x = 3

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

x += 2

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

print x

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5

Question 6

Como verificar qual o tipo de determinado objeto?

int (integers), float, str (string), list, tuple, dict (dictionary), set. bool (boolean True or False)

”

Answer 6

comando type( ) -> type(objectname)

(entre parênteses coloca o nome do objeto sem aspas etc)

int (integers), float, str (string), list, tuple, dict (dictionary), set, bool (boolean True or False)

Question 7

1) Defina Strings
2) Por que é melhor usar “ “ do que ‘ ‘ ao definir string?
3) Qual o comando para contar caracteres de uma string (x)?

(espaços contam como caracteres aqui)

Answer 7

1) Strings are used in Python to record text information, such as names. Strings in Python are actually a sequence, which basically means Python keeps track of every element in the string as a sequence. For example, Python understands the string “hello’ to be a sequence of letters in a specific order. This means we will be able to use indexing to grab particular letters (like the first letter, or the last letter).

This idea of a sequence is an important one in Python and we will touch upon it later on in the future.

2) Não confundir com I`m por exemplo
3) len(x)

Question 8

“String Indexing

a = Artur Faria

a[0] >>> ?1

a[-1] >>> ?2

a[1] >>> ?3

a[7:] >>> ?4

a[:5] >>> ?5

a[::-1]>>> ?6

a[3::2]>>> ?7

a*2 >>>> ?8

a + ‘concatenate’ >>>> ?9

a + ‘ ok’ >>>>>> ?10

Answer 8

“A, a, r, Faria, Artur, airaF rutrA, u ai,

?8 Artur FariaArtur Faria,

?9 Artur Fariaconcatenate

?10 Artur Faria ok

A primeira posição da esquerda pra direita é 0 e a primeira posição da direita pra esquerda é -1

x: significa daquele x em diante incluindo x

:y significa tudo até aquele y excluindo y

z: :k significa a partir de z até o fim de k em k posição
b: c:d significa de b até c de d em d

::-1 (voltar a partir do último item)

Lembrar de dar espaço na hora de acrescentar itens (concatenate)

Pode-se fazer operações de + e * com Strings

Question 9

“Formatting with the .format() method

print(‘The {} {} {}’.format(‘fox’, ‘brown’, ‘quick’)) >>>> ?1

print(‘The {2} {1} {0}’.format(‘fox’, ‘brown’, ‘quick’)) >>>> ?2

print(‘The {q} {b} {f}’.format(b=’brown’, q=’quick’, f=’fox’)) >>>>?3

result = 100/7

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

print(““The results was {r:1.3f}”“.format(r=result))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?4

Answer 9

“?1: The fox brown quick - se não especificar o {} vai na ordem inicial

?2 = ?3: The quick brown fox - pode colocar por ordem ou dar nome

?4: 14.286 (x.yf) - f é o que define decimais, x é pra manter 1 (se aumentar aumenta só o espaço, mas o número inteiro sempre vai aparecer), y = número de casas decimais que queremos arredondar

”

Question 10

f’ method

name = Artur

age = 33
print(f’{name} is {age} years old.’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 10

“Artur is 33 years old.”

Question 11

Define List

Answer 11

Lists

Earlier when discussing strings we introduced the concept of a sequence in Python. Lists can be thought of the most general version of a sequence in Python. Unlike strings, they are mutable, meaning the elements inside a list can be changed!

Sequence, Mutable

Question 12

1) Lista usa parênteses, colchetes ou chaves?
2) O que faz listx.append(‘apend me!’)
3) O que faz o comando listx.pop(‘‘append me!’’) após executar item 2?
4) O que faz listx.pop(-1) após executar item 2 e 3?
5) popped_item faz o que?
6) O que faz listx.sort?

popped_item = mostra o item ““alterado””

Answer 12

1) colchetes []
2) adiciona novo item ao final da lista ‘listx’
3) Nada. Mensagem de erro pois .pop() é por posição
4) Retira o último item da lista, no caso a string ‘append me!’.
5) Mostra último item retirado
6) Organiza a lista em ordem alfabética ou números ascendentes, da erro se tiver letra e número

Question 13

Define Dictionary

Answer 13

We’ve been learning about sequences in Python but now we’re going to switch gears and learn about mappings in Python. If you’re familiar with other languages you can think of these Dictionaries as hash tables.

So what are mappings? Mappings are a collection of objects that are stored by a key, unlike a sequence that stored objects by their relative position. This is an important distinction, since mappings won’t retain order since they have objects defined by a key.

A Python dictionary consists of a key and then an associated value. That value can be almost any Python object.

Not sequence, Mutable

Question 14

mydict = {‘pai’:’Artur’, ‘mae’:’Marcele’, ‘filha’:’Elisa’}

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

mydict[filha] >>> 1?

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

mydict[‘filha’] >>> 2?

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

mydict[‘pai’, ‘mae’] >>> ?3

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

mydict[‘pai][‘mae’] >>> ?4

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

mydict2 = { } >>>> mydict2[‘filha’] = ‘Elisa’ >>>> mydict2[‘pai’] = ‘Artur’

>>>> mydict2 >>>> ?5

Answer 14

2? Elisa

1? 3? 4? = Error

Não vi como pegar 2 itens simultaneamente no dicionário.

Se esquecer aspas (‘x’) dá erro.

?5 {‘filha’:’Elisa’, ‘pai’:’Artur’}

.keys (chaves), .values (valores), .items (pares)

Question 15

Define Tuples and answer: “What is the difference from Tuples to Lists ?

Does tuples uses ( ), [] or { } ?

Answer 15

In Python tuples are very similar to lists, however, unlike lists they are immutable meaning they can not be changed. You would use tuples to present things that shouldn’t be changed, such as days of the week, or dates on a calendar.

Tuples are immutable. Can`t use .append. Can be used to avoid mistakes.

( ) - parentesis

Question 16

1) Define Set
2) How to create a Set?
3) Como adicionar item ao set?
4) list1 = [‘c’,’Artur’,’b’,1,2,2,1,2,5,4,3,2,6,7,8]

set(list1) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 16

Sets are an unordered collection of unique elements. We can construct them by using the set() function. Let’s go ahead and make a set to see how it works

set(x)

setname.add (itemname)

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ‘Artur’, ‘b’, ‘c’] -> coloca números em ordem ascendente depois palavras em ordem alfabética

”

Question 17

Cite os 2 Booleans ?

Pra que usamos “None”?

Answer 17

True or False”

We can use None as a placeholder for an object that we don’t want to reassign yet:

x = None

print (x) >>>> None

Question 18

“What happens if you type:

%%writefile troll.txt

ahuahauhahua

ueheuheuheuh

>>>>> ?1

Como abrir o arquivo criado acima ?2

defina pwd e explique sua função ?3

myfile.read() >>>> ?4

Se executar novamente o comando acima não lê nada, tem que voltar o cursor pro início do texto com myfile.seek(0) ou executar ?2 de novo

Como ler por linhas separadas ?5

Answer 18

“?1: cria um txt na mesma pasta que o ““notebook”” com huahu na primeira linha e huehueh na segunda linha

?2 = open(‘troll.txt’) Ex: myfile

?3 print working location - informa localização do arquivo

?4: lê o txt colocando tudo na mesma linha separado por \n

ahuahauhahua\nueheuheuheuh myfile.readlines()

?5: myfile.readlines()

Question 19

Para abrir arquivos de pastas diferentes do ““notebook””, devemos usar / ou // ou \ ou \ ?1 Porque ?1

Como fechar um arquivo?2

Comando ““elegante”” para abrir sem precisar fechar o arquivo ?3

Tab + Shift = mode > mode=’w’, mode=’r’, mode=’a’ ?4

Answer 19

?1: \ para não confundir com \n por exemplo

?2:.close( )

?3: with open(.txt) as:

showfile = .read( ) -> pode usar outros comandos

?4:

r: Opens the file in read-only mode. Starts reading from the beginning of the file and is the default mode for the open() function.
a: Opens a file for appending new information to it. The pointer is placed at the end of the file. A new file is created if one with the same name doesn’t exist.
w: Opens in write-only mode. The pointer is placed at the beginning of the file and this will overwrite any existing file with the same name. It will create a new file if one with the same name doesn’t exist.
r+: Opens a file for reading and writing, placing the pointer at the beginning of the file.
w+: Opens a file for writing and reading.

with open(‘.txt’, mode=’: (tem que apertar enter)

showfile = mynewfile.read( ) -> pode usar outros comandos

Exemplo:

with open(‘myfile.txt’, mode=’a’) as mynewfile:

showfile.write(‘\nNEW_LINE’) >>>>

will add a new line wrote NEW_LINE. Withou \n will write NEW_LINE in the last line.

”

Question 20

1) Define = and ==

2) Define !=

3) > (maior), < (menor), >= (?), <= (?)

Answer 20

1) = is used to assign variable

== is used to equality

2) not equal or different

3) maior ou igual / menor ou igual

Question 21

and = e (∧ )

or = e / ou (∨)

not = não (￢)

Answer 21

Símbolos matemáticos (Mathematical Thinking), Python não usa os símbolos, somente a idéia

Question 22

To control the flow of logic we use some keywords: if elif else

Define them.

Answer 22

if = se

if some_condition:

# execute some code

elif = ou se

elif some_other_condition:

# do something different

else = caso contrário

else:

# do something else

Question 23

local = ‘x’

if local == ‘Praia’:
print(‘Estamos bem’)
elif local == ‘Escola’:
print(‘PQP temos que estudar’)
elif local == ‘Casa’:
print(‘Está na hora de descansar’)
else:
print(‘foda-se’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1) x = Praia
2) x = Escola
3) x = casa
4) x = Carro

Answer 23

1) Estamos bem

2) PQP temos que estudar

3) foda-se (casa está com inicial minúscula)

4) foda-se

Question 24

LOOPS

mylist = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] >>>>

for xyz in mylist:
if xyz % 2 == 0:

 # check for even
 print(xyz)
 else:
 print(f'NOT EVEN: {xyz}') \>\>\>\>\>

Answer 24

NOT EVEN

2

NOT EVEN

4

NOT EVEN

6

NOT EVEN

8

NOT EVEN

10

Question 25

mylist = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

soma = 0
for xyz in mylist:
soma = soma + xyz
print(soma)

>>>>>> ?1

soma = 0
for xyz in mylist:
soma = soma + xyz
print(soma)

>>>>>> ?2

OBS: diferença é posição do print(soma)

Answer 25

?1

55

?2

1

3

6

10

15

21

28

36

45

55

Question 26

“for xyz in ‘Elisa é Linda’:
print(xyz)

>>>>> ?1

textinho = ‘Elisa é Linda’
for xyz in textinho:
print(xyz)
>>>>> ?2

”

Answer 26

“?1 = ?2

E

l

i

s

a

é

l

i

n

d

a

”

Question 27

”

mylist = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8)]

for (a,b) in mylist:
print(b)

>>>>> ?1

mylist = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8)]

for a,b in mylist:
print(b)

>>>>> ?2

OBS: diferença é ( ) em a,b

Answer 27

“Tuples inside Lists

>>>>> ?1 = ?2

2

4

6

8

”

Question 28

“mylist = [(2,3,5), (7,11,13), (17,19,23)]

for a,b,c in mylist:
print(b + c)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 28

8

24

42

Question 29

dic = {‘k1’:1, ‘k2’:2, ‘k3’:3}
for chave,valor in dic.items():
print(valor)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 29

1

2

3

(dicionário tem que lembrar do .items( ) or .keys( ) or.values( ) no fim

Question 30

While Loops

while some_boolean_condition:

# do something

else

# do something different

1) Define:

x += 1

Answer 30

x == x += 1

Question 31

x = [1,2,3]
for xyz in x:
#comment
print(‘end’) >>>>> ?1

x = [1,2,3]
for xyz in x:
#comment
pass
print(‘end’) >>>>> ?2

Answer 31

?1 Error Message

?2 end

pass: Does nothing at all.

Question 32

mystring = ‘Marcele’
for letra in mystring:
if letra == ‘a’:
continue
if letra == ‘e’:
continue
print(letra) >>>> ?1

mystring = ‘Marcele’
for letra in mystring:
if letra == ‘a’:
break
print(letra) >>>> ?2

x = 0
while x < 5:
if x == 4:
break
print(x)
x = x + 2 >>>> ?3

”

Answer 32

“>>>> ?1

M

r

c

l

>>>> ?2
M

>>>> ?3

0

2

”

Question 33

Define “continue” and “break”

Answer 33

continue:

Goes to the top of the closest enclosing loop.

break:

Breaks out of the current closest enclosing loop.

Question 34

“for numero in range(7):
print(numero)

>>>>> ?1

for numero in range(0,12,3):
print(numero)

>>>>> ?2

list(range(0,12,3))

>>>>> ?3

”

Answer 34

“>>>>> ?1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

>>>>> ?2

0

3

6

9

>>>>> ?3

[0, 3, 6, 9]

”

Question 35

“index_contador = 0
for letra in ‘abcde’:
print(‘Na posição {} a letra é {}’.format(index_contador,letra))
index_contador += 1

>>>>>> ?1

index\_contador = 0
palavra = 'abcde'

for letra in palavra:
print(palavra[index_contador])
index_contador += 1

>>>>>> ?2

”

Answer 35

Na posição 0 a letra é a

Na posição 1 a letra é b

Na posição 2 a letra é c

Na posição 3 a letra é d

Na posição 4 a letra é e

a b c d e

Question 36

palavra = ‘abcde’
for index,letra in enumerate(palavra):
print(letra)
print(‘\n’)
print(index)
print(‘\n’)
print(‘\n’)

>>>>>> ?

Answer 36

a

<>

0

<>

<>

b

<>

1

<>

<>

etc

obs: <> é só pra marcar linha, é vazio na verdade

Question 37

What ““in zip”” does ?1

for troll in zip(mylist1,mylist2):
print(troll)

>>>>> ?2

list(zip(mylist1,mylist2))

>>>>> ?3

Answer 37

cria pares (““tuples””), sempre compatíveis com menor lista. Pode criar trios, quartetos, etc

2 - (1, ‘a’) (2, ‘b’) (3, ‘c’)

3 - [(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘b’), (3, ‘c’)]

Question 38

mylist = [10,20,30,40,100]

min(mylist) + max(mylist) >>>>>

Answer 38

110

Question 39

mylist1 = [‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’]
from random import shuffle
shuffle(mylist1)
mylist1

>>>>>>

Answer 39

[‘d’, ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘c’, ‘b’]

or

[‘e’, ‘a’, ‘c’, ‘b’, ‘d’]

or

[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’] ! ! ! ! ! !

etc

Question 40

from random import randint
randint(0,5)

>>>>>> ?1

(quais são os resultados possíveis?)

mynum = randint(0,100) >>>>>>

mynum >>>>>> ?2

mynum >>>>>> ?3

mynum >>>>>> ?4

Answer 40

“>>>>>> ?1

0 ou 1 ou 2 ou 3 ou 4 ou 5

(pega um número aleatório do intervalo definido, mas pode ser o menor ou o maior número citado no intervalo

>>>>>> ?2 = ?3 = ?4

mynum pode ser qualquer número de 0 a 100, porém ao repetir o comando “mynum” sempre vai aparecer o mesmo, ao contrário do exemplo anterior em que sempre se gera um aleatório

Question 41

input(‘Enter your daughter name here’) >>>>>

Vai aparecer um espaço pra digitar o que eu quiser (ex: Elisa)

Out será ‘Elisa’ (String) …

resultado = input(‘Favorite Number: ‘) >>>> (digito 13)

resultado >>>>>‘13’

int(resultado) >>>>> 13

Qual a diferença do resultado da 2a e 3a linha acima ?

Answer 41

resultado cria string

int(resultado) cria integer

Question 42

mystring = ‘Elisa’
mylist = []
for letra in mystring:
mylist.append(letra)
mylist

>>>>>>>> ?1

mystring1 = ‘Marcele’
mylist1 = [letra for letra in mystring1]
mylist1

>>>>>>>> ?2

Answer 42

>>>>>>>> ?1

[‘E’, ‘l’, ‘i’, ‘s’, ‘a’]

>>>>>>>> ?2

[‘M’, ‘a’, ‘r’, ‘c’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘e’]

Question 43

mylist = [numero**2 for numero in range(0,11+1)]
mylist >>>>>>> ?1

mylist = [numero**2 for numero in range(0,11+1) if numero%2!=0]
mylist >>>>>>> ?2

celsius = [-273,-100,0,10,20,30,40,50,100]
fahrenheit = [(9/5*temp + 32) for temp in celsius]
fahrenheit >>>>>>> ?3

Answer 43

>>>>>>> ?1 [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121]

>>>>>>> ?2 [1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121]

>>>>>>> ?3 [-459.40000000000003, -148.0, 32.0, 50.0, 68.0, 86.0, 104.0, 122.0, 212.0]

Question 44

results = [x if x%2==0 else ‘ODD’ for x in range(0,11)]
results >>>>> ?

Answer 44

[0, ‘ODD’, 2, ‘ODD’, 4, ‘ODD’, 6, ‘ODD’, 8, ‘ODD’, 10]

Question 45

mylist = []
for x in [2,3,5,7]:
for y in [11,13,17,19]:
mylist.append(x*y)
mylist >>>>> ?2

mylist = [x*y for x in [2,3,5,7] for y in [11,13,17,19]]
mylist >>>>> ?3

Answer 45

?2 == ?3

[22, 26, 34, 38, 33, 39, 51, 57, 55, 65, 85, 95, 77, 91, 119, 133]

Question 46

“dicionario = {‘Pai’:’Artur’,’Mae’:’Marcele’,’Filha’:’Elisa’}
for x,y in dicionario.items():
print(y)

>>>>>>>?

Answer 46

Artur

Marcele

Elisa

Question 47

contador = 0
for letra in ‘abcde’:
print(“”{} {}”“.format(contador,letra))
contador += 1

>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 47

0 a

1 b

2 c

3 d

4 e

Question 48

“for numero in range(1,20+1):
if numero % 15 == 0:
print(‘FizzBuzz’)
elif numero%3 == 0:
print(‘Fizz’)
elif numero%5 == 0:
print(‘Buzz’)
else:
print(numero)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 48

1

2

Fizz

4

Buzz

Fizz

7

8

Fizz

Buzz

11

Fizz

13

14

FizzBuzz

16

17

Fizz

19

Buzz

Detalhe é: primeiro pega os múltiplos de 15 e só depois de 3 ou 5, caso contrário dá errado.

poderia ser: if numero%3 == 0 and numero%5 == 0 (na segunda linha)

Question 49

st = ‘Create a list of the first letters of every word in this string’

[palavra[0] for palavra in st.split()]

>>>>>>>

Answer 49

[‘C’, ‘a’, ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘t’, ‘f’, ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘e’, ‘w’, ‘i’, ‘t’, ‘s’]

Question 50

Which of the following codes are from Python or from other codes?

a) ??????????

if (x)

if(y)

code-statement;

else

another-code-statement;

b)?????????

if x:

if y:

code-statement

else:

another-code-statement

Answer 50

a) Python
b) Other codes

Python uses colon, whitespace and “Indentation”

Question 51

xxxxxxx Statements in Python allows us to tell the computer to perform alternative actions based on a certain set of results.

Verbally, we can imagine we are telling the computer:

"”Hey if this case happens, perform some action””

We can then expand the idea further with yyyyyyy and zzzzzzz statements, which allow us to tell the computer:

"”Hey if this case happens, perform some action. Else, if another case happens, perform some other action. Else, if none of the above cases happened, perform this action.””

Let’s go ahead and look at the syntax format for if statements to get a better idea of this:

xxxxxxx case1:

perform action1

yyyyyyy case2:

perform action2

zzzzzzz:

perform action3

Answer 51

X = if

Y = elif

Z = else

Question 52

x = False

if x:

print(‘x was True!’)

xxxxxxxxxx:

print(‘I will be printed in any case where x is not true’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

I will be printed in any case where x is not true

Answer 52

xxx = else

Question 53

loc = ‘Bank’

xxxxxxxxxx loc == ‘Auto Shop’:

print(‘Welcome to the Auto Shop!’)

yyyyyyyyyy loc == ‘Bank’:

zzzzzzzz(‘Welcome to the bank!’)

else:

print(‘Where are you?’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Welcome to the bank!

Answer 53

X = if

Y = elif

Z = print

Question 54

list1 = [1:10+1]

xxxxxxx yyyyyyy zzzzzzz list1:

print(num)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Answer 54

X for

Y Num

Z in

Question 55

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

for num in list1:

xxxxxxxx num % 2 == 0:

print(num)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2

4

6

8

10

Answer 55

X = if

Question 56

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

xxxxxx num yyyyyy list1:

wwwwww num % 2 == 0:

print(num)

zzzzzzzzz:

print(‘Odd number’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Odd number

2

Odd number

4

Odd number

6

Odd number

8

Odd number

10

Answer 56

X = for

Y = in

W = if

Z = else

Question 57

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

list_sum = ?????

for num in list1:

xxxxxxxx = yyyyyyy + num

print(list_sum)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

55

Answer 57

???????? == 0

X == Y == list_sum

Question 58

xxxxxx letter yyyyyy‘This is a string.’:

print(zzzzzz)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

T

h

i

s

i

s

a

s

t

r

i

n

g

.

Answer 58

X = for

Y = in

Z = letter

Question 59

tup = (1,2,3,4,5)

for xxxxxxxxx in tup:

print(yyyyyyy)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1

2

3

4

5

Answer 59

“X = Y, they can be any word or letter”

Question 60

list2 = [(2,4),(6,8),(10,12)]

for (t1,t2) in list2:

print(xxxxxxxx)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2

6

10

Answer 60

X == t1

Question 61

dict = {‘k1’:1,’k2’:2,’k3’:3}

for xxxxxx,yyyyyyy in dict.items():

print(wwwww)

print(zzzzzzzz)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

k1

1

k2

2

k3

3

list(dict.keys())

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

sorted(dict.values())

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 61

X==W e Y==Z

[‘k1’, ‘k2’, ‘k3’]

[1, 2, 3]

Question 62

x = 0

????????? x < 10:

print(‘x is currently: ‘,x)

print(‘ x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x’)

x+=1

else:

print(‘All Done!’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

x is currently: 0

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 1

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 2

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 3

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 4

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 5

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 6

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 7

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 8

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x is currently: 9

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

All Done!

Answer 62

while

Question 63

while x < 10:

print(‘x is currently: ‘,x)

print(‘ x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x’)

x+=1

if x==3:

print(‘Breaking because x==3’)

xxxxxxxx

else:

print(‘continuing…’)

continue

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

x is currently: 0

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 1

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 2

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

Breaking because x==3

Answer 63

X = break

Question 64

while x < 10:

print(‘x is currently: ‘,x)

print(‘ x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x’)

x+=1

if x==3:

print(‘x==3’)

else:

print(‘continuing…’)

xxxxxxxxxxx

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

x is currently: 0

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 1

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 2

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

x==3

x is currently: 3

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 4

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 5

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 6

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 7

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 8

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

x is currently: 9

x is still less than 10, adding 1 to x

continuing…

Answer 64

X = continue

Question 65

list(xxxxxxxx(0,11))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

list(xxxxxxxx(0,11, yyyyyyyy))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Answer 65

X = range

Y = 2

Question 66

index_count = 0

for letter in ‘abcde’:

print(“At index {} the letter is {}”.format(index_count,letter))

index_count += 1

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

At index 0 the letter is a

At index 1 the letter is b

At index 2 the letter is c

At index 3 the letter is d

At index 4 the letter is e

for xyz,letter in xxxxxxxx(‘abcde’):

print(“At index {} the letter is {}”.format(xyz,letter))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

At index 0 the letter is a

At index 1 the letter is b

At index 2 the letter is c

At index 3 the letter is d

At index 4 the letter is e

Answer 66

X == enumerate

Question 67

list(xxxxxxxx(‘abcde’))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[(0, ‘a’), (1, ‘b’), (2, ‘c’), (3, ‘d’), (4, ‘e’)]

Answer 67

X == enumerate

Question 68

mylist1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

mylist2 = [‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’]

list(xxxxxxxx(mylist1,mylist2))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘b’), (3, ‘c’), (4, ‘d’), (5, ‘e’)]

for item1, item2 in xxxxxxxx(mylist1,mylist2):

print(‘For this tuple, first item was {} and second item was {}’.format(item1,item2))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

For this tuple, first item was 1 and second item was a

For this tuple, first item was 2 and second item was b

For this tuple, first item was 3 and second item was c

For this tuple, first item was 4 and second item was d

For this tuple, first item was 5 and second item was e

Answer 68

X == zip

Question 69

‘x’ in [‘x’,’y’,’z’]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1

‘x’ in [1,2,3]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2

Answer 69

True

False

OBS: Booleans

Question 70

mylist = [10,20,30,40,100]

from xxxxxxx import yyyyyyy

Mylist

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[40, 10, 100, 30, 20]

Answer 70

X == random

Y == shuffle

Question 71

from random import randint

randint(0,100)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 71

any number from 0 top 100 (including both 0 and 100 -> testei)

Question 72

input(‘Enter Something into this box: ‘)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 72

Enter Something into this box:

_______________ (espaço para digitar)

Question 73

xxxxxx = [x for x in ‘word’]

xxxxxx

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[‘w’, ‘o’, ‘r’, ‘d’]

Answer 73

X = qualquer coisa

Question 74

xxxxxx = [x**2 for x in range(0,11)]

xxxxxx

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Answer 74

X = qualquer_coisa

Question 75

xxxxxx = [x for x in range(11) if x % 2 == 0]

xxxxxx

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

”

Answer 75

X = qualquer_palavra

Question 76

celsius = [0,10,20.1,34.5]

fahrenheit = [((9/5)*xxxxxx + 32) for xxxxxx in celsius]

fahrenheit

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[32.0, 50.0, 68.18, 94.1]

”

Answer 76

X = qualquer_palavra

Question 77

xxxxxx = [x**2 for x in [x**2 for x in range(11)]]

xxxxxx

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000]

Answer 77

X = qualquer_palavra

Question 78

How to get help for a list method?

Example: Help for list called lista and method called insert ?

(there are two ways)

Answer 78

help(lista.insert) >>>>>

or

lista.insert

Question 79

“Link for most useful part of ““Python wiki””?”

Answer 79

“https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/”

Question 80

What is these commands?

• append ( )
• count ( )
• extend ( )
• insert ( )
• pop ( )
• remove ( )
• reverse ( )
• sort ( )

Answer 80

Methods for a List

Question 81

“def name_function():
print(‘Hello!’)

name_function

>>>>>>>>>>> ?1

name_function()

>>>>>>>>>>> ?2

Answer 81

1 - error

2 - Hello!

Question 82

“def name_function():
‘’’
DOCSTRING: information about the function
INPUT: no input…
OUTPUT: Hello…
‘’’
print(‘Hello!’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>

xxxxxx(yyyyyy)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Help on function name_function in module __main__:

name_function()

DOCSTRING: information about the function

INPUT: no input…

OUTPUT: Hello…

”

Answer 82

X == help

Y == name_function

(pode ser qualquer palavra na verdade)

Question 83

xxxxxx sayhello(anyword):
print(‘Hello ‘+anyword)

sayhello(‘Artur’)

>>>>>>>

Hello Artur

Answer 83

X == def

Question 84

“def sayhello(name=’NOME’):
print(‘Hello ‘+name)

>>>>>>>>>

sayhello()

>>>>>>>>> ?1

sayhello(‘Elisa)

>>>>>>>>> ?2

Answer 84

Hello NOME

Hello Elisa

Question 85

“def sayhello(name):
return ‘hello ‘+name

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

xxxxxxx = sayhello(‘Suedy’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

yyyyyyy

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

‘hello Suedy’

”

Answer 85

X = Y = any word

Question 86

“def xxxxx(n1,n2):
return n1*n2

resultado = yyyyy(3,5)

resultado

>>>>>>>>>>>>

15

”

Answer 86

X = Y = any word

Question 87

def xxxxx(n1,n2):
 return n1\*n2
resultado = yyyyy(3,5)
resultado

>>>>>>>>>

15

Answer 87

X = Y

Question 88

What is the best / most elegant way to say:

def dogcheck(mystring):
 if 'dog' in mystring.lower():
 return True
 else:
 return False

dogcheck(‘any string’)

Answer 88

def dogcheck(mystring):
 return 'dog' in mystring.lower()

dogcheck(‘any string’)

Question 89

xxxxxxx piglatin(palavra):

letra0 = palavra[0]
if letra0 in ‘aeiou’:
pigword = palavra + ‘ay’
else:
pigword = palavra[1:] + letra0 + ‘ay’
yyyyyyy pigword

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

piglatin(‘argentina’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

‘argentinaay’

piglatin(‘brasil’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

‘rasilbay’

”

Answer 89

X == def

Y == return

Question 90

“def greeting(name):
print(‘Hello %s’ %(name))

greeting(‘Elisa’)

>>>>>>>>>>>

Hello Elisa

Porque é preciso dos % ???

”

Answer 90

Não sei

Question 91

def add\_num(num1,num2):
 return num1+num2

>>>>>>>>>>>>

add_num(4,5)

>>>>>>>>>> ?1

add_num(‘one’,’two’)

>>>>>>>>>> ?2

Answer 91

?1 == 9

?2 == ‘onetwo’

Question 92

Write a function called myfunc that prints the string ‘Hello World’

Answer 92

def myfunc():
 print('Hello World')

Question 93

Define a function called myfunc that takes in a name, and prints ‘Hello Name’

Answer 93

def myfunc(name):
 print('Hello {}'.format(name))

Question 94

Define a function called myfunc that takes in a Boolean value (True or False). If True, return ‘Hello’, and if False, return ‘Goodbye’

Answer 94

def myfunc(x):
if x == True:
return ‘Hello’
else:
return ‘Goodbye’

Question 95

Define a function called myfunc that makes three arguments, x, y and z.

If z is True, return x. If z is False, return y.

Answer 95

def myfunc(x,y,z):
 if z == True:
 return x
 elif z == False:
 return y

Question 96

Define a funcion called myfunc that takes in two arguments and returns their sum of them.

Answer 96

def myfunc(x,y):
 return x+y

Question 97

Define a function called is_even that takes in one argument, and returns True if the passed-in value is even, False if it is not.

Answer 97

def is_even(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
else:
return False

Question 98

Define a function called is_greater that takes in two arguments, and returns True if the first value is greater than the second, False if it is less than or equal to the second

Answer 98

def is\_greater(x,y):
 if x\>y:
 return True
 elif x\<=y:
 return False

Question 99

def myfunc (a,b,c,d,e):
 return sum((a,b,c,d,e)) / 20

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

myfunc(10,20,30,40,50)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.5

myfunc(10,20,30)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> error

myfunc (10,20,30,40,50,60)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> error

but

def myfunc (*xxxxx):

return sum(xxxxx)

myfunc then can have any numbers(members) we want!!!!

What is the standard word we use instead of xxxxx?

Answer 99

*args

args

Question 100

“def myfunc(**yyyyy):
if ‘fruit’ in yyyyy:
print(‘My fruit of choice is {}’.format(yyyyy[‘fruit’]))
else:
print(‘I did not find any fruit here’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

myfunc(fruit=’apple’,veggie=’lettuce’)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

My fruit of choice is apple

what is the standard word we use instead of yyyyy?

(what really means is ** before first yyyyy)

why do we use this trick?

Answer 100

”**kwargs

kwargs

kwargs

Because if we don’t use, we need to use all dic keys in a function. It would have returned error message instead of ““My fruit of choice is apple’’.

Question 101

You can pass *args and **kwargs into the same function, but *args have to appear before **kwargs

def myfunc(*args, **kwargs):
if ‘fruit’ and ‘juice’ in kwargs:
print(f”“I like {‘ and ‘.join(args)} and my favorite fruit is {kwargs[‘fruit’]}””)
print(f”“May I have some {kwargs[‘juice’]} juice?””)
else:
pass
myfunc(‘eggs’,’spam’,fruit=’cherries’,juice=’orange’)

Answer 101

I like eggs and spam and my favorite fruit is cherries May I have some orange juice?

Question 102

Define a function called myfunc that takes in a string and returns a matching string where every even letter is uppercase, and every odd letter is lowercase. Assume that the incoming string only contains letters, and don`t worry about numbers, spaces or punctuation. The output string can start with either an uppercase or lowercase letter, so long as letters alternate throughout the string.

Answer 102

def myfunc(word):

result = ‘ ‘

for i,a in enumerate (word):

if i %2==1:

result+=a.upper()

else:

result+=a.lower()

return result

Question 103

“def myfunc (word):

for i,a in enumerate (word):

if i %2==1:

print (a.upper() ,end=””””)

else:

print (a.lower() ,end=””””)

myfunc (‘Anthropomorphism’)”

Answer 103

aNtHrOpOmOrPhIsM

Question 104

Define a function called myfunc that takes in an arbitrary number of arguments, and returns a list containing only those arguments that are even

Answer 104

def myfunc(\*args):
 return [num for num in args if num %2 == 0]

Question 105

Define a function called myfunc that takes in an arbitrary number of arguments, and returns the sum of those arguments.

Answer 105

def myfunc(\*troll):
 return sum(troll)

Question 106

LESSER OF TWO EVENS: Write a function that returns the lesser of two given numbers if both numbers are even, but returns the greater if one or both numbers are odd

lesser_of_two_evens(2,4) –> 2 lesser_of_two_evens(2,5) –> 5

Answer 106

def lesser_of_two_evens(a,b):
if a%2==0 and b%2==0:
if a < b:
result = a
if b < a:
result = b
else:
if a > b:
result = a
if b > a:
result = b
return result

or

def lesser_of_two_evens(a,b):
if a%2 == 0 and b%2 == 0:
return min(a,b)
else:
return max(a,b)

Question 107

ANIMAL CRACKERS: Write a function takes a two-word string and returns True if both words begin with same letter

animal_crackers(‘Levelheaded Llama’) –> True

animal_crackers(‘Crazy Kangaroo’) –> False

Answer 107

def animal\_crackers(text):
 wordlist = text.lower().split()
 first = wordlist[0]
 second = wordlist[1]
 return first[0]==second[0]

or

def animal\_crackers(text):
 wordlist = text.lower().split()
 return wordlist[0][0] == wordlist[1][0]

Question 108

MAKES TWENTY: Given two integers, return True if the sum of the integers is 20 or if one of the integers is 20. If not, return False

makes_twenty(20,10) –> True

makes_twenty(12,8) –> True

makes_twenty(2,3) –> False

Answer 108

def makes_twenty(n1,n2):
if n1+n2==20:
return True
if n1==20 or n2==20:
return True
else:
return False

or

def makes\_twenty(n1,n2):
 return (n1+n2)==20 or n1==20 or n2==20

Question 109

OLD MACDONALD: Write a function that capitalizes the first and fourth letters of a name

old_macdonald(‘macdonald’) –> MacDonald

Answer 109

def old\_macdonald(name):
 first = name[0]
 second = name[1]
 third = name[2]
 forth = name[3]
 rest = name[4:]
 return first.upper() + second + third + forth.upper() + rest

or

def old\_macdonald(name):
 half1 = name[:3]
 half2 = name[3:]
 return half1.capitalize() + half2.capitalize()

Question 110

“MASTER YODA: Given a sentence, return a sentence with the words reversed

master_yoda(‘I am home’) –> ‘home am I’ master_yoda(‘We are ready’) –> ‘ready are We’

Note: The .join() method may be useful here. The .join() method allows you to join together strings in a list with some connector string. For example, some uses of the .join() method:

>>> ""--"".join(['a','b','c']) >>> 'a--b--c'

This means if you had a list of words you wanted to turn back into a sentence, you could just join them with a single space string:

>>> "" "".join(['Hello','world']) >>> ""Hello world""

Answer 110

def master\_yoda(text):
 lista = text.split()
 inversa = lista[::-1]
 return ' '.join(inversa)

Question 111

ALMOST THERE: Given an integer n, return True if n is within 10 of either 100 or 200

almost_there(90) –> True almost_there(104) –> True almost_there(150) –> False almost_there(209) –> True

NOTE: abs(num) returns the absolute value of a number

Answer 111

def quase(n):
 if n - 100 in range (-10,11):
 return True
 elif n - 200 in range (-10,11):
 return True
 else:
 return False

or

def quase(n):

return (abs(100-n) <=10) or (abs(200-n) <= 10)

Question 112

FIND 33:

Given a list of ints, return True if the array contains a 3 next to a 3 somewhere.

has_33([1, 3, 3]) → True

has_33([1, 3, 1, 3]) → False

has_33([3, 1, 3]) → False

Answer 112

def has\_33(n):
 for l in range(0, len(n)-1):
 if n[l] == 3 and n[l+1] == 3:
 return True
 return False

or

def has\_33(n):
 for l in range(0, len(n)-1):
 if n[l:l+2] == [3,3]:
 return True
 return False

Question 113

def square(n):
 return n\*\*2

myn = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

for item in xxxxx(square, myn):

print(item)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1

4

9

16

25

list(xxxxx(square, myn))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

”

Answer 113

X = map

Question 114

def splicer(mystring):
 if len(mystring)%2==0:
 return 'Even'
 else:
 return mystring[0]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

names = [‘Artur’, ‘Elisa’, ‘Marcele’, ‘Suedy’, ‘Hélio’, ‘Heitor’]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

list(xxxxx(splicer, names))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[‘A’, ‘E’, ‘M’, ‘S’, ‘H’, ‘Even’]

Answer 114

X = map

Question 115

def check\_even(num):
 return num%2 == 0

mynums = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>>>>>>>>>>

list(xxxxxx(check_even,mynums))

>>>>>>>>>>>

[2, 4, 6]

for n in xxxxxx(check_even,mynums):
print(n)

>>>>>>>>>>>

2

4

6

Answer 115

X = filter

Question 116

The following functions are equivalents. What substitutes X?

def square(num): return num ** 2

square = xxxxxx num: num**2”

Answer 116

X = lambda

Question 117

myn = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

def square(n):
 return n\*\*2

list(map(square, myn))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

list(map(xxxxxx n: n**2,myn))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Answer 117

X = lambda

Question 118

what makes the following 2 and 3 expressions equivalent?

mynums = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

def check\_even(num):
 return num%2 == 0

list(filter(check_even,mynums))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

list(filter(xxxxx num: num%2==0, mynums))

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Answer 118

X = lambda

Question 119

“PAPER DOLL: Given a string, return a string where for every character in the original there are three characters

paper_doll(‘Hello’) –> ‘HHHeeellllllooo’

paper_doll(‘Mississippi’) –> ‘MMMiiissssssiiippppppiii’

Answer 119

def paper_doll(text):

result = ‘’

for letra in text:

result += letra*3

return result

Question 120

BLACKJACK: Given three integers between 1 and 11, if their sum is less than or equal to 21, return their sum. If their sum exceeds 21 and there’s an eleven, reduce the total sum by 10. Finally, if the sum (even after adjustment) exceeds 21, return ‘BUST’

blackjack(5,6,7) –> 18

blackjack(9,9,9) –> ‘BUST’

blackjack(9,9,11) –> 19

Answer 120

def blackjack(a,b,c):

if sum((a,b,c)) <= 21:

return sum((a,b,c))

elif sum((a,b,c)) <=31 and 11 in (a,b,c):

return sum((a,b,c)) - 10

else:

return ‘BUST’

Question 121

SUMMER OF ‘69: Return the sum of the numbers in the array, except ignore sections of numbers starting with a 6 and extending to the next 9 (every 6 will be followed by at least one 9). Return 0 for no numbers.

summer_69([1, 3, 5]) –> 9

summer_69([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) –> 9

summer_69([2, 1, 6, 9, 11]) –> 14

Answer 121

def summer_69(mylist):

total = 0

add = True

for num in mylist:

while add:

if num!=6:

total+=num

break

else:

add = False

while not add:

if num!=9:

break

else:

add = True

break

return total

Question 122

SPY GAME: Write a function that takes in a list of integers and returns True if it contains 007 in order

spy_game([1,2,4,0,0,7,5]) –> True

spy_game([1,0,2,4,0,5,7]) –> True

spy_game([1,7,2,0,4,5,0]) –> False

Answer 122

def spy_game(nums):

code = [0,0,7,’x’]

# [0,7,’x’] -> [7,’x’] -> [‘x’] Lenght=1

for num in nums:

if num==code[0]:

code.pop(0)

return len(code)==1

Question 123

COUNT PRIMES: Write a function that returns the number of prime numbers that exist up to and including a given number

count_primes(100) –> 25

By convention, 0 and 1 are not prime.

Answer 123

def count_primes(num):

• *if num <2:**
• *return 0**
• *primes = [2]**
• *x = 3**
• *while x<=num:**
• *for y in range(3,x,2):**
• *if x%y==0:**
• *x+=2**
• *break**
• *else:**
• *primes.append(x)**
• *x+=2**
• *print(primes)**
• *return len(primes)**

Or

def count_primes(num):

• *if num <2:**
• *return 0**
• *primes = [2]**
• *x = 3**
• *while x<=num:**
• *for y in primes:**
• *if x%y==0:**
• *x+=2**
• *break**
• *else:**
• *primes.append(x)**
• *x+=2**
• *print(primes)**
• *return len(primes)**

”

Question 124

x = 25

def printer():
 x = 50
 return x

print(x)
# print(printer())

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

print(x) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> XXXXX

print(printer( )) >>>>>>>>>>>> YYYYY

Answer 124

X = 25

Y = 50

Now that we have gone over writing our own functions, it’s important to understand how Python deals with the variable names you assign. When you create a variable name in Python the name is stored in a name-space. Variable names also have a scope, the scope determines the visibility of that variable name to other parts of your code.

Interesting! But how does Python know which x you’re referring to in your code? This is where the idea of scope comes in. Python has a set of rules it follows to decide what variables (such as x in this case) you are referencing in your code. Lets break down the rules:

This idea of scope in your code is very important to understand in order to properly assign and call variable names.

In simple terms, the idea of scope can be described by 3 general rules:

Name assignments will create or change local names by default.

Name references search (at most) four scopes, these are:

local

enclosing functions

global

built-in

Names declared in global and nonlocal statements map assigned names to enclosing module and function scopes.

LEGB rule!

Local > Enclosing > Global (module) > Built-in (Python)

LEGB Rule:

L: Local — Names assigned in any way within a function (def or lambda), and not declared global in that function.

E: Enclosing function locals — Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing functions (def or lambda), from inner to outer.

G: Global (module) — Names assigned at the top-level of a module file, or declared global in a def within the file.

B: Built-in (Python) — Names preassigned in the built-in names module : open, range, SyntaxError,…

Question 125

name = ‘This is a global name’

def greet():
 # Enclosing function
 name = 'Sammy'

 def hello():
 print('Hello '+name)

hello()

greet()

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ???????????

Answer 125

Hello Sammy

Enclosing function locals

This occurs when we have a function inside a function (nested functions)

Note how Sammy was used, because the hello() function was enclosed inside of the greet function!

if:

print(name)

>>>>>>>>>

This is a global name

(Global)

Question 126

x = 50

def func(x):
 print('x is', x)
 x = 2
 print('Changed local x to', x)

func(x)
print('x is still', x)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

Answer 126

x is 50

Changed local x to 2

x is still 50

Local Variables

When you declare variables inside a function definition, they are not related in any way to other variables with the same names used outside the function - i.e. variable names are local to the function. This is called the scope of the variable. All variables have the scope of the block they are declared in starting from the point of definition of the name.

The first time that we print the value of the name x with the first line in the function’s body, Python uses the value of the parameter declared in the main block, above the function definition.

Next, we assign the value 2 to x. The name x is local to our function. So, when we change the value of x in the function, the x defined in the main block remains unaffected.

With the last print statement, we display the value of x as defined in the main block, thereby confirming that it is actually unaffected by the local assignment within the previously called function.

Question 127

x = 50

def func():
 global x
 print('This function is now using the global x!')
 print('Because of global x is: ', x)
 x = 2
 print('Ran func(), changed global x to', x)

print('Before calling func(), x is: ', x)
func()
print('Value of x (outside of func()) is: ', x)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

Answer 127

Before calling func(), x is: 50

This function is now using the global x!

Because of global x is: 50

Ran func(), changed global x to 2

Value of x (outside of func()) is: 2

The global statement

If you want to assign a value to a name defined at the top level of the program (i.e. not inside any kind of scope such as functions or classes), then you have to tell Python that the name is not local, but it is global. We do this using the global statement. It is impossible to assign a value to a variable defined outside a function without the global statement.

You can use the values of such variables defined outside the function (assuming there is no variable with the same name within the function). However, this is not encouraged and should be avoided since it becomes unclear to the reader of the program as to where that variable’s definition is. Using the global statement makes it amply clear that the variable is defined in an outermost block.

The global statement is used to declare that x is a global variable - hence, when we assign a value to x inside the function, that change is reflected when we use the value of x in the main block.

You can specify more than one global variable using the same global statement e.g. global x, y, z.

Question 128

Write a function that computes the volume of a sphere given its radius.

The volume of a sphere is given as (4/3) x (pi) x (r) x (r) x (r)

Answer 128

def vol(rad):
 vol = (4 / 3) \* 3.14159265359 \* rad \*\* 3
 return vol

or

def vol(rad):
 return (4/3)\*(3.14)\*(rad\*\*3)

Question 129

Write a function that checks whether a number is in a given range (inclusive of high and low)

Answer 129

def ran_check(num,low,high):
if low < num < high:
return ‘{} is in the range between {} and {}’.format(num, low, high)
else:
return ‘{} is not in the range between {} and {}’.format(num, low, high)
pass

or

def ran_bool(num,low,high):
if low < num < high:
return True
else:
return false

or

def ran\_check(num,low,high):
 #Check if num is between low and high (including low and high)
 if num in range(low,high+1):
 print('{} is in the range between {} and {}'.format(num,low,high))
 else:
 print('The number is outside the range.')

or

def ran\_bool(num,low,high):
 return num in range(low,high+1)

Question 130

Write a Python function that accepts a string and calculates the number of upper case letters and lower case letters.

Sample String : ‘Hello Mr. Rogers, how are you this fine Tuesday?’ Expected Output : No. of Upper case characters : 4 No. of Lower case Characters : 33

HINT: Two string methods that might prove useful: .isupper() and .islower()

Answer 130

def up_low(s):
d={‘up’:0, ‘low’:0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d[‘up’]+=1
elif c.islower():
d[‘low’]+=1
else:
continue
print(s)
print(‘Numero de maiúsculas é : ‘, d[‘up’])
print(‘Numero de minúsculas é : ‘, d[‘low’])

or

def up_low(s):
d={“upper”:0, “lower”:0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d[“upper”]+=1
elif c.islower():
d[“lower”]+=1
else:
pass
print(“Original String : “, s)
print(“No. of Upper case characters : “, d[“upper”])
print(“No. of Lower case Characters : “, d[“lower”])

Question 131

Write a Python function that takes a list and returns a new list with unique elements of the first list.

Sample List : [1,1,1,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,5]

Unique List : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Answer 131

def unique\_list(lista):
 unique\_list = set(lista)
 troll = list(unique\_list)
 return troll

or

def unique_list(lst):
# Also possible to use list(set())
x = []
for a in lst:
if a not in x:
x.append(a)
return x

Question 132

Write a Python function to multiply all the numbers in a list.

Sample List : [1, 2, 3, -4] Expected Output : -24

Answer 132

def multiply(numbers):
total = numbers[0]
for n in numbers:
total *= n
return total

Question 133

Write a Python function that checks whether a passed string is palindrome or not.

Note: A palindrome is word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backward as forward, e.g., madam or nurses run.

Answer 133

def palindrome(s):
if s == s[::-1]:
return True
else:
return False
pass

(fiz incompleto)

or

def palindrome(s):

s = s.replace(‘ ‘,’’) # This replaces all spaces ‘ ‘ with no space ‘’. (Fixes issues with strings that have spaces)
return s == s[::-1] # Check through slicing

Question 134

Write a Python function to check whether a string is pangram or not.

Note : Pangrams are words or sentences containing every letter of the alphabet at least once. For example : “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog”

string.ascii_lowercase

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz’

Answer 134

import string

def ispangram(str1, alphabet=string.ascii\_lowercase): 
 alphaset = set(alphabet) 
 return alphaset \<= set(str1.lower())