Python

Question 1

How do you keep the output of the next print on the same line?

Answer 1

end=’ ‘ inside of print()
EX: print(‘Hello there.’, end=’ ‘)

Question 2

newline character escape sequence

Answer 2

\n

Question 3

tab escape sequence

Answer 3

\t
print(‘Name\tJob’)
Name Job

Question 4

\ escape sequence

Answer 4

\

Question 5

escape sequence

Answer 5

two item sequence used to add in a special character such as new line, tab, and other symbols that may be used for other things in the language that need to be used as a literal, like ‘ “ \

a \ starts the escape sequence so it knows to use the next character literally

Question 6

raw string

Answer 6

Escape sequences can be ignored using a raw string. A raw string is created by adding an “r” before a string literal, as in

r’this is a raw string'’
which would output as
this is a raw string'

Question 7

convert string to int

Answer 7

int()
wage = int(input())

Question 8

ask user for input and convert it to int

Answer 8

hourly_wage = int(input(‘Enter hourly wage: ‘))

Question 9

syntax error

Answer 9

violates a programming language’s rules on how symbols can be combined to create a program

Question 10

runtime error

Answer 10

program’s syntax is correct but the program attempts an impossible operation

Question 11

logic error

Answer 11

aka a bug - a logical flaw

Question 12

what are scripting languages used for?

Answer 12

to execute programs without the need for compilation

Question 13

script

Answer 13

file that contains code designed to be executed directly

A script is a Python file (ending in .py) that contains code designed to be executed directly. When you run a script, the Python interpreter reads and executes all the lines in the file.

Use Case: Scripts are typically used for programs meant to be executed as standalone applications, such as automating tasks, running data analysis, or simple command-line programs.

Question 14

garbage collection

Answer 14

Deleting unused objects is an automatic process that frees memory space

Question 15

type()

Answer 15

returns the type of an object.

Question 16

Mutability

Answer 16

indicates whether the object’s value is allowed to be changed

Question 17

immutable

Answer 17

integers and strings are immutable; meaning integer and string values cannot be changed. Modifying the values with assignment statements results in new objects being created and the names bound to the new object.

Question 18

id()

Answer 18

gives the value of an object’s identity

Question 19

Properties of objects

Answer 19

Value: A value such as “20”, “abcdef”, or “55”.

**Type: ** The type of the object, such as integer or string.

Identity: A unique identifier that describes the object, which is usually the memory address where the object is stored.

Question 20

floating-point number (float)

Answer 20

real number, like 98.6, 0.0001, or -666.667. The term “floating-point” refers to the decimal point appearing anywhere (“floating”) in the number

Question 21

floating-point literal

Answer 21

written with the fractional part even if that fraction is 0, as in 1.0, 0.0, or 99.0

Question 22

syntax for outputting the float myFloat with two digits after the decimal point

Answer 22

print(f’{myFloat:.2f}’)

Question 23

exponent

Answer 23

**

Question 24

floor division operator

Answer 24

//
can be used to round down the result of a floating-point division to the closest smaller whole number value.

Question 25

module

Answer 25

file designed to be imported and used by other scripts or modules - not meant to be standalone

A module is also a Python file (ending in .py), but instead of being executed directly, it is designed to be imported and used by other scripts or modules. Modules are used to organize and reuse code efficiently.

Use Case: Modules are commonly used to break down a program into smaller, manageable, and reusable components. They are essential for larger projects, allowing you to structure your code more logically.

Question 26

import statement

Answer 26

makes modules available for use

Question 27

dot notation

Answer 27

used to access any defined object in an imported module

Ex: A variable speed_of_light defined in universe.py is accessed via universe.speed_of_light.

Question 28

__name__

Answer 28

used to check if a file was executed as a script, or imported as a module

use this built-in special name (like an embedded nametag given to each file) to determine if the file was executed as a script by the programmer or imported by another module. If the value of __name__ is the string ‘__main__’, then the file was executed as a script, otherwise, it would be the name of the file that called it

Question 29

randint(min, max)

Answer 29

returns a random integer between min and max inclusive.

Returns a random integer between 12 and 20 inclusive
print(random.randint(12, 20))

Question 30

randrange(min, max)

Answer 30

returns a random integer between min and max - 1 inclusive.

Returns a random integer between 12 and 19 inclusive
print(random.randrange(12, 20))

Question 31

seed

Answer 31

built-in integer based on the current time

Question 32

List

Answer 32

[] - ordered collection - mutable (size can be changed) - can store multiple data types, whereas an array can only store a single datatype. (in python, arrays must use the array module)

Question 33

Difference between methods and functions

Answer 33

| **Aspect**         | **Function**                                   | **Method**                                      |
|--------------------|------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| **Definition**     | Independent block of code                      | Block of code defined inside a class            |
| **Association**    | Not associated with any object or class        | Associated with an object of a class            |
| **Calling**        | Called using the function name directly        | Called using the `.` operator on an object      |
| **Use of `self`**  | No `self` parameter needed                     | Uses `self` to refer to the instance of the class |

Aspect | Function | Method |

Question 34

method

Answer 34

A piece of code that belongs to an object or class and often works with that object’s data.

A method instructs an object to perform some action, and is executed by specifying the method name following a “.” symbol and an object.

Question 35

function

Answer 35

A standalone piece of code you can use anywhere.

Question 36

tuple

Answer 36

stores a collection of data, like a list, but is immutable – once created, the tuple’s elements cannot be changed

used when element position, and not just the relative ordering of elements, is important. Ex: A tuple might store the latitude and longitude of a landmark because a programmer knows that the first element should be the latitude, the second element should be the longitude, and the landmark will never move from those coordinates.

Question 37

set

Answer 37

unordered collection of unique elements. A set has the following properties:
Elements are unordered: Elements in the set do not have a position or index.
Elements are unique: No elements in the set share the same value.

A set is often used to reduce a list of items that potentially contains duplicates into a collection of unique values. Simply passing a list into set() will cause any duplicates to be omitted in the created set.

Question 38

dictionary

Answer 38

a Python container used to describe associative relationships.

created using curly braces { } to surround the key:value pairs that comprise the dictionary contents.
Ex: players = {‘Lionel Messi’: 10, ‘Cristiano Ronaldo’: 7}

Question 39

Sequence types

Answer 39

string, list, and tuple are containers for collections of objects ordered by position in the sequence, where the first object has an index of 0 and subsequent elements have indices 1, 2, etc. A list and a tuple are very similar, except that a list is mutable and individual elements may be edited or removed. Conversely, a tuple is immutable and individual elements may not be edited or removed. Lists and tuples can contain any type, whereas a string contains only single characters. A programmer can apply sequence-type functions such as len() and element indexing using brackets [ ] to any sequence type.

Question 40

mapping type

Answer 40

in Python is the dict type. Like a sequence type, a dict serves as a container. However, each element of a dict is independent, having no special ordering or relation to other elements. A dictionary uses key-value pairs to associate a key with a value.

Question 41

Formatted string literals (f-strings)

Answer 41

allows a programmer to create a string with placeholder expressions that are evaluated as the program executes. An f-string starts with an f character before the starting quote and uses curly braces { } to denote the placeholder expressions. A placeholder expression is also called a replacement field, as its value replaces the expression in the final output.

Question 42

Slice notation

Answer 42

Multiple consecutive characters can be read using slice notation. Slice notation has the form my_str[start:end], which creates a new string whose value contains the characters of my_str from indices start to end -1. If my_str is ‘Boggle’, then my_str[0:3] yields string ‘Bog’.

Question 43

alignment character

Answer 43

A format specification can include an alignment character that determines how a value should be aligned within the width of the field. Alignment is set in a format specification by adding a special character before the field width integer. The basic set of possible alignment options include left-aligned (<), right-aligned (>) and centered (^). Numbers will be right-aligned within the width by default, whereas most other types like strings will be left-aligned.

Question 44

enumerate()

Answer 44

The enumerate() function retrieves both the index and corresponding element value at the same time, providing a cleaner and more readable solution.

Question 45

parameter

Answer 45

A parameter is a function input specified in a function definition. Ex: A pizza area function might have diameter as an input.

Question 46

argument

Answer 46

An argument is a value provided to a function’s parameter during a function call. Ex: A pizza area function might be called as calc_pizza_area(12.0) or as calc_pizza_area(16.0).

Question 47

polymorphism

Answer 47

The function’s behavior of adding together different types

For example, consider the multiplication operator *. If the two operands are numbers, then the result is the product of those two numbers. If one operand is a string and the other an integer (e.g., ‘x’ * 5), then the result is a repetition of the string five times: ‘xxxxx’.

Question 48

*args

Answer 48

Sometimes a programmer doesn’t know how many arguments a function requires. A function definition can include an *args parameter that collects optional positional parameters into an arbitrary argument list tuple.

Question 49

Unpacking

Answer 49

a process that performs multiple assignments at once, binding comma-separated names on the left to the elements of a sequence on the right. Ex: num1, num2 = [350, 400] is equivalent to the statements num1 = 350 and num2 = 400.

Question 50

**kwargs

Answer 50

keyword arguments, creates a dictionary containing “extra” arguments not defined in the function definition. The keys of the dictionary are the parameter names specified in the function call.

Question 51

help() function

Answer 51

aids a programmer by providing them with all the documentation associated with an object. A statement such as help(ticket_price) would print out the docstring for the ticket_price() function, providing the programmer with information about how to call that function.