Pyschology/Sociology Flashcards
Learning perspective of language acquisition is based on
operant conditioning and language imitation
Nativist perspective of language acquisition is based on
innate, biological determined, and genetically transmitted; language acquistion device; depends on critical and sensitive periods
The critical period of language development is between the ages of
0-12
The interactionist perspective of language acquisition is based on
interaction of biological and social factors; children learn by observing and imitating others
James-Lange theory of emotion
dog->response->fear
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
dog->response + fear
Schater-Singer theory of emotion
dog->response->interpretation->fear
Reduced need for sleep is a symptom of
mania; Bipolar disorder
Null hypothesis means that there is
no significant difference between the variables being measures
Weber’s law is based on the ratio
ΔI/I=K; the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio
The absolute threshold is
The lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect at least half of the time
The difference threshold is
The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable
Three components to emotion
cognitive, behavioral, and physiological
Cognitive components of emotion are
mental processes ex. thoughts, beliefs, expectations
Behavioral components of emotions are
involuntary and automatic actions ex. smile, gasp
Physiological components of emotion are
bodily processes ex. increased heart rate, respiration rate, sweating
EEG measures
electrical signal
MEG measures
magnetic fields
PET measures
glucose metabolism
fMRI measures
blood oxygenation
Box and whisker plot does NOT provide information about the
median and mode
Symbolic interactionism is micro/macro sociology
micro
Escape learning is when
the current undesirable stimulus is removed
Avoidance learning is when
the future undesirable stimulus is prevented
Prejudice is (cognitive/behavioral/physiological)
cognitive
Discrimination is (cognitive/behavioral/physiological)
behavioral, requires actions
Your self-concept is
beliefs about oneself including race, gender, ethnicity, talents, etc.
In the Mead theory of identity development, the me is
learned through interactions with others and the environment
In the Mead theory of identity development, the I is
response to the attitude of community
Power is
the ability to influence others
Authority is
whether others believe power is legitimate
Traditional authority is
based on longstanding patterns ex. monarch
Charismatic authority is based on
charming personality, extraordinary claims
Rational legal authority is based on
professional position
Top down processing is
when beliefs, ideas, and expectations guide perception
Bottom up processsing is when
sensory input guides processing
Normal memory decay is
exponential
Religiosity is
doctrine incorporated into all aspects of life
Religiousness is
degree to which a person internalizes a religion
Functionalism is attributed to
Durkheim, Parsons
Conflict Theory is attributed to
Marx, Weber
Symbolic Interactionism is attributed to
Cooley, Mead
Mass hysteria is
when fear and rumor spur similar behaviors (e.g. twitching, laughing)
A suicide cluster is an example of
imitation
A preventative check
decreases birth rate
A positive check
increases death rate
a negative check
ISN’T REAL
Labeling theory states
people society labels as deviant are more likely to engage in deviant behavior
Avoidant attachment
little separation anxiety and a tendency to resist contact with the parent
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Strong separation anxiety, coupled with a tendency to resist contact with the parent
Secure attachment
Some separation anxiety and seeking contact with the parent
Disorganized attachment
A confused infant-parent bond that is characterized by mixed separation anxiety and a tendency for the infant to resist and have a dazed behavior
The internal working model that sets expectations about self and others described in the study is an example of
a cognitive schema
a stage, usually in early development, when the individual is more receptive to learning from specific types of experiences (for instance, linguistic interaction) compared to later points in development.
a critical period
the novel realization of a solution to a problem
insight
cognitive rules of thumb that offer shortcuts to reasoning and problem solving
heuristics
Which brain region is involved in memory encoding
hippocampus
Which brain region is involved in integration of sensory information
parietal lobe
Which brain region is involved in executive function and decision making
prefrontal cortex
Which brain region is involved in emotional encoding
Amgydala
involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite
reaction formation
involves creating a seemingly logical explanation for otherwise unacceptable behavior
rationalization
when someone attributes unacceptable thoughts or behaviors within themself to another person
projection
involves shifting the focus of emotion from a less to more acceptable target
displacement
A 34-year-old man has had a series of brief relationships with several romantic partners, but has never established a close, intimate relationship with a partner. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which outcome best describes this example?
Isolation
In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is:
slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction
how a person’s identity becomes based on a role the person assumes, superseding other roles
role engulfment
to the process of an individual taking up a new social role
role adjustment
difficulty managing one role
role strain
difficulty managing multiple roles
role conflict
Which condition provides the best example of medicalization?
Alcoholism
Which receptors are responsible for the color vision necessary to detect the food coloring described in the passage?
cones found mainly in the fovea of the eye
technologies are not independent from the societies in which they were created but rather have social factors like values built into them
social constructionism
According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the:
I
An individual feels disconnected from the larger community.
anomie
From the perspective of conflict theory, which pair of factors would be assumed to have the greatest impact on patients’ relationships with their doctors?
power and status
involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information
proactive interference
since people with Alzheimers cannot commit new information to long term memory they cannot experience
proactive interference
refers to the objective social hierarchy in a society (according to social group characteristics)
social stratification
refers to the perpetuation of inequality through social institutions.
social reproduction
differential treatment of sociodemographic groups that is due to institutional culture or policies (rather than individual actions)
institutional discrimination
the evaluation of another culture using that other culture’s standards (norms and values) rather than one’s own cultural standards.
cultural relativism
the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, both in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence.
confirmation bias
Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for
emotionally charged topics
formal group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose
organization
to the eventual disappearance of an acquired response following a series of trials in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus or an operant response is no longer followed by reward.
extinction
which is the return of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) or of an extinguished operant,
spontaneous recovery
associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (US), at which time the neutral stimulus automatically elicits the conditioned response (CR), which is very similar to the unconditioned response (UR)
classical conditioning
a behavioral response is shaped by presenting response-contingent consequences following the behavior, which either increases or decreases the frequency of the target behavior.
operant conditioning
involve the administration of a response contingent reward after a particular duration of time has elapsed
interval schedule
Repeating a sentence aloud while the target words are presented will engage the
phonological loop of working memory
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?
Mechanically
Olfaction and gustation involve ion channels that are gated in what way?
Chemically
Action potential propagation involves ion channels that are gated in what way?
Electrically
Short term memory capacity (magic number)
5-9, 7 plus or minus 2
a dissociative disorder where individuals cannot recall important autobiographical information, usually related to a trauma or stressor
dissociative amnesia
is a loss of memory for previously stored information, due to injury or neurological disease
retrograde amnesia
by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized or diminished speech or behavior
schizophrenia
characterized by impairments to voluntary motor or sensory function which are not due to a recognized neurological or medical condition
conversion disorder
schemas are associated with your implicit/explicit attitudes
implicit
Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
hallucinogens
Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?
emotional
