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PSYC20006 Biological Psychology > PYSC20006 JA's Lectures (Memory) > Flashcards

PYSC20006 JA's Lectures (Memory) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the biochemical basis of epileptic seizures?

A

Not enough GABA. Excitatory synapses fire too often due to lack of GABA inhibition.

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of TL Epilepsy?

A

Hippocampal sclerosis

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3
Q

What are other aetiologies of TLE?

A

infections, tumours and vascular malformations

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4
Q

What did HM teach us about different types of memory?

A

That declarative memory and procedural memory are anatomically different

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5
Q

What memory impairment did HM experience post surgery?

A

Severe impairment of his declarative memory (but not procedural memory)

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6
Q

What is the Medial Temporal Lobe essential for?

A

Learning and the consolidation of memories

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7
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

The ability to consciously access previously learned information

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8
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Automatically remembering learned behaviour (eg. how to play piano)

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9
Q

What functional asymmetry does the Medial Temporal Lobe Have?

A

Left - verbal memory

Right - non-verbal/ visual memory

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10
Q

What kind of memory is MTL essential for?

A

Formation of Anterograde Memories (not retrograde memory). So involved in consolidation and retrieval of new memories.

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11
Q

What does Consolidation Theory suggest?

A

After a period of consolidation information can be retrieved independently of hippocampal involvement.

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12
Q

What does Multiple Trace Theory (MTT) suggest?

A

That retrieval of autobiographical/episodic memory always involved the hippocampal system

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13
Q

What kind of memory tasks is the hippocampus especially important for?

A

Relational memory tasks (eg. paired associate learning tasks where picture and word need to be linked)

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14
Q

The hippocampus has what memory function?

A

learning and retrieval of arbitrarily related info & learning semantic information

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15
Q

The Perirhinal Cortex has what memory function?

A

item recognition based on familiarity (and poss. semantically associated learning)

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16
Q

The Parahippocampal Cortex has what memory function?

A

learning of spaces and association of object-locations

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17
Q

The Inferolateral Neocortex has what memory function?

A

learning & retrieval of semantically related information

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18
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The biochemistry of synapses changes to alter

the effect on post-synaptic neuron

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19
Q

Mnemonic for Papez’s Circuit

A

He Man Ate a F’ing Cat (H = hippocampus; M = mamillary body; A = anterior thalamic nucleus, F = fornix; C = cyngulate gyrus)

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20
Q

What is Papez’s Circuit + Amygdala?

A

The limbic system

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21
Q

What type of memory is most affected by lesions to Papez’s circuit?

A

Declarative memory (poor relational memory & encoding)

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22
Q

Damage to what structures within Papez’s Circuit most reliably lead to declarative memory impairment?

A

Anterior Thalamic Nucleus (ATN) and Hippocampus

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23
Q

What role do the frontal lobes play in memory?

A

They are involved in developing and implementing strategies for memory encoding and retrieval

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24
Q

What memory deficits are associated with damage to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Difficulty remembering contextual details (eg. sources of info/ chronological order of memories)

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25
Q

What memory deficits are associated with damage to Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Confabulation (caused by difficulty monitoring truth and veracity of own statements/reasoning)

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26
Q

What comprises the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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27
Q

What memory problems are associated with damage to the Frontal Lobes?

A

Impaired ability to organise encoding, retrieval and maintenance of memories

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28
Q

What memory problems are associated with damage to the Thalamic nuclei?

A

reduced mental flexibility and inappropriate selection of information retrieval

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29
Q

What is Hebbs Rule?

A

That the cellular basis of learning involves the strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires

30
Q

What causes increased synaptic strength between neurone during LTP?

A

By insertion of additional AMPA receptors into post-synaptic membrane of dendritic spine.

More AMPA receptors = more glutamate = larger excitatory postsynaptic potential = stronger synaptic connection

31
Q

What synaptic changes occur during long lasting LTP?

A
  1. Insertion of AMPA receptors in postsynaptic neuron = more glutamate uptake
  2. Increased amount of glutamate released by pre-synaptic neuron
  3. Protein synthesis in post-synaptic neuron
  4. Changes in physical structure of synapses/dendritic spines
  5. Most long term LTP also involves dopamine (not short term)
32
Q

According to Raymond, there are 3 types of LTP. What are these?

A
  1. LTP that lasts for an hour or 2 (insertion of AMPA receptors in post synaptic neuron)
  2. Longer LTP (AMPA receptors & protein synthesis)
  3. Longest LTP (also incl. structural changes and dopamine)
33
Q

What is Long Term Depression (LTD)?

A

A long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of terminal button when postsynaptic membrane is hyper polarised or only slightly polarised

34
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Learning to recognise new stimuli (or changes to familiar stimuli)

35
Q

What is the biological basis of perceptual learning?

A

Changes in synaptic connections within the sensory association cortex

36
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in perceptual short term memory?

A

Sensory association cortex, visual association cortex (visual memories), and prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What is the biological basis of Classical Conditioning?

A

NMDA mediated LTP in the amygdala (conditioned emotional responses)

38
Q

What is instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning)?

A

Strengthening of connections between neural circuits that detect stimuli and neural circuits that produce responses.

39
Q

What area of the brain is focal in instrumental conditioning?

A

Basal Ganglia

40
Q

What aspects of instrumental conditioning involve the basal ganglia?

A

learning of automated and routine behaviours

41
Q

What neurotransmitter is especially important in reinforcement (instrumental conditioning)?

A

Dopamine (dopaminergic neruons in ventral tegmental area project into the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex & amygdala)

42
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories following a brain injury/insult

43
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to remember events that occurred prior to a brain injury/insult.

44
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memories that are explicitly available to conscious awareness. Memories that can be verbally expressed.

45
Q

What is non-declarative memory

A

Memories that don’t require us to be consciously aware of them.

46
Q

What are 3 types of non-declarative learning?

A
  1. Perceptual learning (perceiving stimuli)
  2. Motor Learning
  3. Stimulus/Response Learning
47
Q

What type of memory is impaired in patients with anterograde amnesia?

A

Declarative memory

48
Q

What types of memory is not impaired when suffering anterograde amnesia

A

Non-Declarative memory

49
Q

What are 3 types of declarative memory?

A
  1. Episodic memory (memories of events)
  2. Semantic memory (knowledge of facts about world)
  3. Autobiographical/remote memory (personal memories?)
50
Q

What are two examples of declarative memory task?

A
  1. Remembering past experiences

2. Finding your way in a new environment

51
Q

What are 4 examples of perceptual learning (non-declarative)

A
  1. Learning to recognise broken drawings (elephant & umbrella)
  2. Learning to recognise pictures/objects
  3. Learning to recognise faces
  4. Learning to recognise melodies
52
Q

What are 2 examples of stimulus-response learning?

A
  1. Classical Conditioning (eye blink)

2. Instrumental Conditioning (operant conditioning)

53
Q

What is an example of motor learning?

A

Learning sequence of button presses or how to draw a star in a mirror

54
Q

What three structures make up the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?

A

entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex & parahippocampal cortex

55
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in long term memory formation?

A

The consolidation and retrieval of declarative memory

56
Q

What are the three aspects of memory need to be assessed when assessing episodic memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation/Retention
  3. Retrieval
57
Q

What aspect of episodic memory is assessed through learning tasks?

A

Encoding

58
Q

What aspect of episodic memory is assessed through delayed recall tasks?

A

Consolidation/Retention and Retrieval

59
Q

What aspect of episodic memory is assessed by recognition tasks?

A

Retrieval

60
Q

What does poor performance on recall and recognition tasks indicate?

A

Problem with consolidation/retention but could also have difficulty with retrieval (can’t tell if only one impaired or both)

61
Q

What does poor recall performance but good recognition indicate?

A

Problems are with retrieval (not consolidation). Shows the memory is their but prompt required to retrieve it

62
Q

What is not effected by semantic dementia (initially at least)?

A
  1. Normal Working Memory
  2. Preserved Anterograde Episodic Memory (verbal & non-verbal)
  3. May have poor retrograde episodic memory (older memories deteriorate first in reverse temporal gradient)
  4. Phonology & syntax intact
  5. No topographical disorientation
  6. No visuo-spatial defecits
  7. Intact organisational and planning skills
63
Q

What deficits are present in semantic dementia?

A

1st symptom: Anomia (unable to think of correct word for object)
2nd Symptom: Impaired Word Comprehension
3. Effects verbal and visual domains

64
Q

What is a category dissociation in semantic dementia?

A

Loss of semantic knowledge is a discrete category of semantic memory (eg. faces, body parts, number, natural objects vs man-made objects, abstract vs concrete)

65
Q

What is modality dissociation in semantic dementia?

A

Intact verbal semantic memory but impaired visual memory (and vice versa)

66
Q

What tests are used to assess semantic memory?

A
  1. Word Definitions
  2. Picture Drawing
  3. Picture Naming
  4. Word-picture matching
  5. Famous faces test
  6. Category fluency (name as many xxx as you can)
  7. Colour selection for picture (eg. red for tomato)
  8. Sorting words/pictures into categories
67
Q

What is Ribolt’s Law?

A

That there is a temporal gradient in amnesic patients in which the distant past is remembered better than the recent past

68
Q

What temporal gradient is associated with medial temporal lobe lesions (eg Alzheimers)?

A

Temporal Gradient (older memories go later, recent memories go first)

69
Q

What temporal gradient is associated with lateral temporal lobe lesions (eg. Semantic Dementia)?

A

Reverse temporal gradient (older memories go first)

70
Q

What temporal gradient is associated with frontal lobe lesions?

A

No Temporal Gradient

PSYC20006 Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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