pyelonephritis

Question 1

urosepsis

Answer 1

systemic infection from urologic source

prompt diagnosis critical can lead to sepsis/death

Question 2

glomerulonephritis

Answer 2

kidney inflammation of the renal glomerulus - third leading cause of ESKD (ESRD) in the US
end stage renal/kidney disease

Question 3

glomerulonephritis caused by

Answer 3

immunological reaction

Question 4

APSGN

Answer 4

acute post streptococcal glomularnephritis occurs 15-21 days post strep infection

Question 5

glomerulonephritis caused by these infections

Answer 5

PSGN, infective endocariditis, viral infections: HIV, HBV, HCV

Question 6

glomerulonephritis caused by these Immune diseases

Answer 6

SLE
scleroderma- lupus 
good pasture syndrome 
vasculitis - polyarteritis 
Others- HT, diabetic nephropathy

Question 7

chronic high blood sugar leads to

Answer 7

chronic kidney disease leading to dialysis

Question 8

glomerulonephritis manifestations

Answer 8

gross hematuria,
dark smokey cola colored
oliguria (large amount of dilute urine) anuria
red cell casts and proteinuria
fluid retention-edema
moderate to severe hypertension
fever, chills, headache, flank pain, weakness, pallor
anorexia, N/V, Uremia
anasarca (generalized edema throughout the body)

Question 9

glomerulonephritis DX

Answer 9

history, urinalysis- RBC, proteinuria, low pH
serum- BUN, Creatinine, GFR, Hb, WBC, antistreptolysin-O titers (ASO)
Renal Biopsy (14g needle to pull out tissue to assess- interventions- pain control keep pt on that side for an hour to help stop bleeding)

Question 10

glomerulonephritis TX

Answer 10

corticosteroids, immmunosuppressants, anti-hypertensives, diuretics, restrict sodium and K intake, high CHO and low protein diet, fluid restriction as needed, plasmapheresis (gets rid of immune response- cleaning plasma by replacing it with donor plasma) or dialysis

Question 11

glomerulonephritis complcations

Answer 11

heart failure
encephalopathy (confusion)
pulmonary edema ( heart failure = fluid overload)
pleural effusion
ascites (when liver gets fluid overloaded)
renal failure
ESKD

Question 12

1 L of fluid weighs

Answer 12

1kg

Question 13

kidney stones =

Answer 13

urinary tract calculi

nephrolithiasis

Question 14

urinary tract calculi

nephrolithiasis more common in

Answer 14

men
fam hx
hx of previous stone 
20-55yrs
more in summer

Question 15

stone formation factors

Answer 15

metabolic, genetic, climate lifestyle, diet, activity level

Question 16

where could pain from bladder trauma be felt at?

Answer 16

It can often be felt in the shoulder due to the phrenic nerve

Question 17

Pyuria

Answer 17

pus in the urine

Question 18

anuria

Answer 18

urine output of <100mL/day

Question 19

azotemia

Answer 19

retention of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Question 20

hemodialysis

Answer 20

dialysis via the blood stream

Question 21

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 21

dialysis via the peritoneal cavity

Question 22

oliguria

Answer 22

urinary output of < 400mL/day (scant urine)

Question 23

urolithiasis

Answer 23

formation of urinary stones or calculi (calculi are formed in the ureter)

Question 24

nephrolithiasis

Answer 24

formation of kidney stones- formed in the renal parenchyma

Question 25

isosthenuria,or more commonly simply called polyuria

Answer 25

early production of large quantities of dilute urine

although polyuria just means large amounts of urine, but does not denote any concentration issues.

Question 26

nephrons

Answer 26

functional units of the kidney