pych final exam Flashcards
What is development?
Systematic changes and continuities in an individual over time.
What is developmental psychology?
The study of human development across the lifespan.
Define maturation.
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior.
Define learning.
Permanent change in behavior due to experience.
What is normative development?
Typical patterns of development seen in most individuals.
What is ideographic development?
Individual variations in development.
Define theory.
A set of ideas intended to explain a phenomenon.
Define hypothesis.
A testable prediction derived from a theory.
What is reliability?
Consistency of a research study or measuring test.
What is validity?
The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
Hobbes’ view on childhood?
Children are inherently selfish (original sin).
Locke’s view on childhood?
Children are born as blank slates (tabula rasa).
Rousseau’s view on childhood?
Children are innately good (noble savages).
Name three developmental research designs.
Cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential.
Name three research methods in developmental psychology.
Self-report, observation, case study.
Key ethical considerations in research?
Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing.
Freud’s theory?
Psychosexual stages of development.
Erikson’s theory?
Psychosocial stages across lifespan.
Skinner’s learning theory?
Operant conditioning (rewards/punishments).
Bandura’s learning theory?
Social learning via observation and modeling.
Piaget’s key contribution?
Four stages of cognitive development.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
Ecological systems theory (microsystem to macrosystem).
Define behavioural genetics.
Study of genetic vs. environmental influences.
Define heritability.
Proportion of variation due to genes.
Monozygotic twins?
Identical twins from one zygote.
Dizygotic twins?
Fraternal twins from two zygotes.
What are teratogens?
Harmful substances affecting prenatal development.
What is cephalocaudal development?
Development from head to toe.
What is proximodistal development?
Development from center of body outward.
What happens during puberty?
Hormonal changes and physical/psychological growth.
Sensation vs Perception?
Sensation: raw input; Perception: interpretation.
Three types of learning?
Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning.
Assimilation vs Accommodation?
Assimilation: fit info into schema; Accommodation: change schema.
Zone of Proximal Development?
Vygotsky’s concept of tasks a child can do with help.
Scaffolding?
Support provided to help a child learn within their ZPD.
Three stages of memory in info-processing model?
Sensory, short-term, long-term.
Gardner’s intelligences?
Linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, etc.
Convergent vs Divergent thinking?
Convergent: one solution; Divergent: multiple ideas.
Five components of language?
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics.
Stages of early language?
Prelinguistic, holophrastic, telegraphic.
Define temperament.
Biologically based emotional and behavioural tendencies.
Attachment types?
Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized.
Parenting styles?
Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved.
Piaget’s moral stages?
Heteronomous and autonomous morality.
Kohlberg’s moral stages?
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
Define androgyny.
Combination of masculine and feminine traits.
Bronfenbrenner’s systems?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem.
Roles of peers and school?
Agents of socialization and development.
Media’s influence?
Dependent on content and context.
