PYB102 Flashcards
The fluid-filled cavities within the brain are called:
The Cerebral Ventricles
Yukiko’s left arm is weak after she suffered a blow to the right side of her
head during a rugby match. Which of the following best explains why this
might be so?
Contralateral Arrangement
Which of these aphasias is characterised by good comprehension ability:
Conduction aphasia and Broca’s aphasia
REM sleep in humans is characterised by:
Low amplitude, high-frequency EEG
Hindbrain contains which structures
Medulla, pons, cerrebellum and reticular formation
What are Theta waves?
High altitude, low frequency waves
Midbrain
2 parts or colliculi; superior and inferior
A patient is looking at an image on the left with their right eye. The image is projected onto
the left side of their brain. This is an example of what type of function?
Contralateral Arrarngement
Brian has just burned his finger on a hot stove. He pulls the finger away immediately and is
now experiencing pain. What lobe would be primarily processing the stimuli?
Parietal Lobe
James sustained damage to his frontal lobes in an accident. Following the
accident, his behaviour is characterised by impulsivity, a lack of regard for the feelings of others, rapid changes in emotion, and socially inappropriate
behaviour. James is most likely to have sustained injury to which frontal area?
Orbitofrontal cortex
What type of matter is the corpus callosum made of and what does that type of matter consist mostly of?
is made up of tightly packed neurons that is fatty (myelin sheath) and is made of white matter
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
The end of semester multi-choice exam is most likely to test your ______ memory?
Recognition
What is the function of the medulla?
Controls functions vital for survival
What does ‘Pons’ mean, and what cluster of nuclei has an influence on consciousness and alertness?
Pons means bridge and the reticular formation has an influence on our levels of consciousness and alterness
Where are the nodes of Ranvier located?
Located between the breaks in the myelin sheath
What is the sympathetic division responsible for?
Fight or flight
What are neurons?
Basic functional unit of the nervous system
What is the purpose of the glial cell?
Nourish, protect and physically support neurons
What makes up a neuron?
Dendrites, the soma, axon, terminal buttons and myelin
What is an action potential?
A brief reversal in the resting charge of the neuron. It is triggered by an exchange of ions across the neuron membrane.
What is the parasympathetic division responsible for?
Rest and digest
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual cortex
Light falling on the point in the retina at which the optic nerve enters the eye:
Cannot be seen
How do we get from seeing points of light to seeing objects?
We have a system for enhancing edges
What are the two types of photoreceptors and what are they responsible for?
Cones - colour vision, high acuity
Rods - Black and white vision, low acuity
From the outside layer to the inside layer, what is the order of meninges responsible for
protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Dura matter, arachnoid membrane & pia matter
Which of the following is the best explanation of the difference between
emotion and mood?
Emotions are more immediate and transient when compared to mood
What is agnosia?
Inability to recognise objects
What happens if you damage the parietal lobe?
You’ll have problems with spatial awareness
A group of axons travelling together in the peripheral nervous system is called
a:
Nerve
In the hindbrain, the cerebellum is responsible for which function?
Coordinating and controlling movement
Sarah hears a noise indicative of a nearby predator. Her heart begins to race and the rest of
her body readies itself for a potential fight. What nervous system is responsible for this?
Sympathetic nervous system
The dendrites are responsible for which function?
Receiving messages from other neurons
The all-or-none principle, give a brief description of what this means
If the threshold level is reached, an action potential of a fixed sized will always fire. For any given neuron, the size of the action potential is always the same.
Therefore, the neuron either does not reach the threshold or a full action potential is fired.
. “I’m sad because I cry” is a statement that best aligns with which of the
following theories of emotion:
James-Lange
In centre-surround receptive fields, illumination of the centre is ____ while
illumination of the surround is ______
Inhibitory; excitatory
Which one of the cells in the visual cortex responds to an edge at a particular orientation
but falling anywhere within a wider field and may alsorespondto the direction of motion?
Complex cells
True or false: Blindsight is the unconscious, but not conscious, awareness of a visual
stimulus.
True
Explain the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative
rehearsal in encoding memory.
maintenance rehearsal is superficial while elaborative is more meaningful
What is iconic and echoic memory?
Iconic - related to visual system; echoic - related to the auditory system
What is the primacy effect?
memory best for things learned first
What is the recency effect?
memory also good for things learned last (but mostly this is STM contribution to the task)
What kind of information is carried along the dorsal roots of the spinal cord?
Sensory information from muscles and skin
What is declarative memory?
Things you can TELL to others
What is nondelcarative memory?
Things you know you can do by SHOWING
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The DLPFC and its circuitry is involved in higher order cognitive operations.
Orbitofrontal cortex
Related to eye; It is responsible for executive processing of emotional stimuli.
Mediofrontal cortex
Response monitoring (control and monitoring of action), Error detection, Deciding between competing responses Motivation or drive behaviour
Chunking refers to:
using knowledge stored in LTM to group information and thus expand STM.
The sleep stage REM is characterised by:
A loss of core-muscle tone, and a low amplitude, high-frequency EEG.
The shallowest level of processing when learning a list of words?(Craik and Tulving 1975)
Is the word presented in red ink? (superficial)
Emotion is _____ while mood is more ____
transient (doesn’t dominate for the long-term); Pervasive
What is james-lange theory?
emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
“The dogs make me tremble and feel afraid”
Cannon-Bard
“I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous”
Schachter
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Fighting, fleeing, fornication, feeding
Acquired brain injury is used to describe:
All types of brain injury that occur after birth
Explain the difference between ‘Coup” and ‘Contrecoup”
Coup - primary impact; Contrecoup - secondary impact
What is Ischaemic stroke
thrombosis or embolism
What is Haemorrhagic stroke?
rupturing of an aneurysm
What are the main types of stokes?
Thombotiv and embolic
