Pvnt Med - SA2 preparation Flashcards
“What the characteristics of living organisms?
Hint MRS NERG. “
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth”
Define the term Vector
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans
Define the term Chemoprophylaxis
The administration of a chemical, including antibiotics, to prevent the development of an infection or the progression of an infection to active manifest disease.
True or False
“Is binary fission, the asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material.”
True
Define the term Carrier
An organism (virus, rickettsia, bacteria, fuingus, protozoan or helminth) that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease.
Define the term Incubation period
The time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and the first appearance of symptoms associated with the infection.
Define the term Quarantine
Restriction of the activities of well persons or animals who have been exposed to a case of communicable disease during its period of communicability (i.e., contacts) to prevent disease transmission during the incubation period if infection should occur.
Define the term Reservoir
Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host
Define the term Zoonosis
An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man.
Define the term Direct transmission
Direct and essentially immediate transfer of infectious agents to a receptive portal of entry through which human or animal infection may take place. This may be by direct contact such as touching, biting, kissing or sexual intercourse, or by the direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of about 1 m or less).
Define the term passively acquired immunity
Is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
Define the term Virulence
The degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent, indicated by case-fatality rates and/or the ability of the agent to invade and damage tissues of the host
Define the term Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic
Endemic
The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area; it may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease within such area.
Epidemic
The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness (or an outbreak) with a frequency clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
Pandemic
Is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents.
Define the term case fatality rate
The number of people diagnosed with a specific disease who die of that disease within a given time period
True or false
Protozoa are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, that are able to form cysts to survive poor conditions. Some protozoa cause diseases in man such as malaria and dysentery. Broadly speaking all protozoa are aquatic organisms since they require a fluid environment for active life.
True
Describe a virus?
Viruses are the smallest and structurally the simplest of all micro-organisms. Responsible for a wide range of diseases e.g. hepatitis and dengue fever
List 5 types of microorganisms
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Helminth/ parasites
Algae
Protozoa
Define the term source of infection
A person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes to a host.
What is a communicable disease?
An infectious disease transmissible from one source (either animal or person) to another, directly or indirectly (as via a vector)
Define the term contamination
The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water and food.
What is spore forming bacteria?
Certain species of Bacteria produce special structures called endospores within their cells during a process called sporulation. Endospores are differentiated cells that are very resistant to heat and cannot be destroyed easily, even by harsh chemicals. An endospore can remain dormant for many years but can reverse back to a vegetative cell relatively rapidly.
What are the four types of bacteria morphology:
COCCI
BACILLI
SPIROCHAETES
VIBRIO
What the modes of transmission of communicable disease?
Air-bourne
Ingestion (faecal-oral)
Vector-borne infections
Contact infections
Blood-borne
Define a Contact disease?
Transmitted by bodily contact
What are some of the methods we can control the route of ingestion borne diseases?
Adequate cooking and storing of food, Serving food at correct temperature, Thorough washing of fruit and vegetables, Ensure thorough washing of all utensils prior to use, Pest control, Exclusion of the sick & skin infections, Health Ed.
Name a ingestion borne disease caused by bacteria?
Campylobacter enteritis, salmonellosis, bacillary dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, and shigellosis
Name a airborne disease caused by bacteria?
Meningococcal meningitis
Plague
Whooping cough
What are some of the methods we can control the route of air borne diseases?
Correct laundering, Avoidance of overcrowding, Ventilation, Heating, Lighting, Dust suppression, Correct waste disposal, Health education
