Putting the FUN in Fun-Gus!

Question 1

Mantle

Answer 1

The nail mantle is the layer of epidermis at the base of the nail, before the cuticle. The function of the nail mantle is to protect the matrix from physical damage. The Lunula: This is located at the base of the nail, lying over the matrix. It is white in color and known as half-moon.

Question 2

Nail Matrix

Answer 2

the area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow. The matrix creates new skin cells, which pushes out the old, dead skin cells to make your nails. As a result, injuries to the nail bed or disorders that affect the matrix can affect your nail growth.

Question 3

Nail Root

Answer 3

The root of the nail is also known as the germinal matrix. Its edge appears as a white crescent, known as the lunula. The root portion of this nail lies below the skin, underneath the nail, and extends several millimeters into the finger. It produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed.

Question 4

Nail Bed

Answer 4

the skin beneath the nail plate. Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis, the living tissue which includes capillaries and glands, and the epidermis, the layer just beneath the nail plate, which moves toward the finger tip with the plate.

Question 5

Nail Plate

Answer 5

the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong but flexible. Its (transverse) shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word nail often refers to this part only.

Question 6

Lunula

Answer 6

the white area at the base of a fingernail.

Question 7

Eponychium

Answer 7

the thickened layer of skin at the base of the fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold. Its function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria.

Question 8

Cuticle

Answer 8

the outer cellular layer of a hair or nails

Question 9

Nail Grooves

Answer 9

The indentation between the edges of the nail plate and the skin.

Question 10

Side Walls

Answer 10

The sidewall is the skin on either side of the nail plate, also known as the lateral nail fold, acts as a barrier against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The sidewall is also the part of the nail that extends out from the physical sidewall.

Question 11

Perionychium

Answer 11

The tissue surrounding the nail, whether it be a fingernail or a toenail, including the tissue bordering the root and sides of the nail. The word is composed of “peri-“ meaning around or surrounding + the Greek word “onyx” for nail = around the nail

Question 12

Free Edge

Answer 12

the part of the lamina that protrudes from the nail bed; it is therefore a “dead” and painless part of the nail.

Question 13

Hyponychium

Answer 13

The hyponychium is the skin just under the free edge of your nail. It’s located just beyond the distal end of your nail bed, near your fingertip

Question 14

Onychosis

Answer 14

A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail.

Question 15

Onychia

Answer 15

Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds (surrounding tissue of the nail plate) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail.

Question 16

Etiology

Answer 16

A nail is a claw-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most primates. Nails correspond to claws found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin which is a polymer and found in the hooves, hair, claws and horns of vertebrates.

Question 17

6 Signs of Infection

Answer 17

• redness
• swelling
• fluid build up
• hot spot/ fever
• smell
• discoloration

Question 18

Onychomychosis

Answer 18

Nail fungus

Question 19

Tinea Manus

Answer 19

Hand fungus

Question 20

Tinea Pedis

Answer 20

Foot fungus

Question 21

Paronychia

Answer 21

Paronychia is an infection of the tissue adjacent to a nail, most often a fingernail. It’s caused by injury or irritation, such as a hangnail, cuticle damage, or continually wet hands.

Question 22

Onychoptosis

Answer 22

The periodic shedding of one or more nails, in whole or part. This condition may follow certain diseases such as syphilis, or can result from fever, trauma, systemic upsets or adverse reaction to drugs.

Question 23

Onychia

Answer 23

Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds (surrounding tissue of the nail plate) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail.

Question 24

Onychatrophia

Answer 24

an atrophic or undeveloped condition of the nails.

Question 25

Onycholysis

Answer 25

The separation of a fingernail or toenail from its pink nail bed. The separation occurs gradually and is painless.

Question 26

Blue Nails

Answer 26

a low level or lack of oxygen circulating in your red blood cells. This condition is known as cyanosis. It occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen in your blood, making the skin or membrane below the skin turn a purplish-blue color.

Question 27

Eggshell Nails

Answer 27

Hapalonychia causes your nails to be soft and thin. Nails affected by this condition tend to bend or break more easily than healthy nails, and often split or flake at the end. They may also take on a bluish tint.

Question 28

Currugations

Answer 28

long ridges that run either lengthwise or across the nail; some lengthwise ridges are normal in adult nails, and they increase with age; lengthwise ridges can also be caused by conditions such as psoriasis, poor circulation, and frostbite

Question 29

Kolionychia

Answer 29

spoon nails, is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia. It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.

Question 30

Furrows

Answer 30

Transverse lines or grooves across the fingernails; transverse depressions in the nail plate caused by temporary cessation of cell division in the proximal nail matrix

Question 31

Onychogryposis

Answer 31

Ram’s horn nails. Specialty. Dermatology. Onychogryphosis is a hypertrophy that may produce nails resembling claws or a ram’s horn.

Question 32

Onychocryptosis

Answer 32

Ingrown nail

Question 33

Melanonychia

Answer 33

Melanonychia is a black or brown pigmentation of the normal nail plate, and may be present as a normal finding on many digits in Afro-Caribbeans, as a result of trauma, systemic disease, or medications, or as a postinflammatory event from such localized events as lichen planus or fixed drug eruption.

Question 34

Onycauxis

Answer 34

Onychauxis is a nail disorder that causes fingernails or toenails to grow abnormally thick.

Question 35

Agnails

Answer 35

Hangnail

Question 36

Bruised Nail

Answer 36

A condition in which a clot of blood forms under the nail plate; the clot is caused by injury to the nail bed and can vary in color from maroon to black.

Question 37

Leukonychia

Answer 37

Leukonychia describes a whitish discoloration of the nail, which may be due to persistence of nuclei in the cells of the ventral nail plate (true leukonychia), or to a pallor of the nail bed

Question 38

Pterygium

Answer 38

Pterygium of nail due to lichen planus. A pterygium is a wing of extra tissue. In a nail, it is due to scarring in the matrix. Characteristic of lichen planus, but may also occur in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and after trauma.

Question 39

Beau’s Lines

Answer 39

grooves that run horizontally across the nail plate. They usually develop when nail plate growth, which begins in the nail matrix (located under the cuticle), is temporarily disrupted.

Question 40

Onychophagy

Answer 40

Nail biting