pussy and balls Flashcards
what is technology
Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word technology may also mean the product of such an endeavor.
invention
- Combining elements, materials or ideas to create something new
- May be an object (eg. computer) or a social invention (eg. capitalism)
discovery
- Finding something new or discovering a new way of viewing reality
- Discoveries at the right time can start social change (timing is important in determining whether or not a society will embrace the discovery)
Innovation
- Changing or improving upon existing technologies or ideas to create something new, but based on something invented (eg. the iPhone as an innovation on cell phones)
- May be an object or social innovation
WHAT TECHNOLOGIES HAVE MOST CHANGED HOW WE LIVE?
Sleep
Eat
Communicate
Are entertained
Interact with others
Learn
Travel/Get Around
Think
Marshall McLuhan 1911-1980
“We become what we behold. We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us.”
“The medium is the message”
Technological Determinism
- Our behaviours are determined by our technologies
- As new technologies emerge, our behaviours adapt and social change occurs
DOES SOCIAL CHANGE BEGIN WITH TECH OR PEOPLE?
- Tech Giants (insta, tiktok, snap)
- Warfare (martial weapons, edged weapons)
Media can influence how we think, feel, and behave by presenting us with certain images, stories, and messages:
- media can reinforce stereotypes and biases
- media exposure of violent or sexual content can impact attitudes towards those issues
- media present ideologies, norms, and behaviors
Media can affect our self-esteem and body image:
- media images of beauty and attractiveness can have a profound impact on young people’s self-esteem and body image
- being critical of media portrayals is NOT how most people consume media
- media present images, characters, that are often unrealistic and unattainable
- Is an unintended consequence of globalisation that body image is now confusing
Media literacy is essential for critical thinking:
- we need to develop super-heightened media literacy skills to be able to evaluate the credibility and accuracy of media messages
- we must be able to recognize bias and identify propaganda
- we need to understand how media messages are constructed and marketed to different audiences
Media can have both positive and negative effects on mental health:
- media can be a source of stress, anxiety, and depression,
- media can also be a source of support, information, and connection
- we should learn to use media in ways that promote well-being, such as seeking out positive and inspiring content and limiting exposure to negative or harmful media mess
Media is a cultural artifact:
- media is a product of human culture and is shaped by cultural values, beliefs, and practices.
- media reflects and influences the cultures in which it is produced and consumed
Media is a site of cultural production and exchange:
- media is a platform for the exchange and negotiation of cultural values, ideas, and practices
- media can facilitate cultural exchange and hybridization
- media can also reinforce cultural boundaries and inequalities
Media can be used to construct and challenge identities:
- media plays a significant role in the construction of personal and collective identities
- we should learn to analyze media messages and representations for their impact on identity formation
- we should understand how media can be used to challenge and transform cultural norms and practices.
Media has ethical implications:
- media production and consumption raise ethical issues such as cultural appropriation, representation, and exploitation
- we should be aware of the ethical implications of media production and consumption and learn to critically evaluate media messages and practices
Media shapes our culture and society:
- media plays a significant role in shaping our values, beliefs, and norms
- media reflects and reinforces existing social structures
- media can also challenge them
Media is a powerful tool of social change:
- media can promote awareness and mobilize public opinion
- media can be used to address social issues and inequalities, and to promote social justice and equality
Media plays a role in the construction of identity and difference:
- media constructs and reinforces social categories such as race, gender, and sexuality
- media shapes our understanding of ourselves and others.
- we should understand how media can perpetuate stereotypes and biases, and learn to critically evaluate media messages and representations
Media ownership and control affect media content:
- the ownership and control of media companies affect the content and messages we consume
- media consolidation challenges notions of “freedom of the press”
- large corporations control the majority of media outlets.
Why was there such LITTLE change in population from 200,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago?
- Humans were hunter gatherers
- They lacked medicine, often lacked enough food, and had to constantly move from place to place
- As a result humans lived much shorter lives and could not have many children
- Infant mortality rates were very high
Why was there a GRADUAL increase in population from 10 000 to 200 years ago?
- Humans learned how to raise crops and began animal husbandry
- We now had more stable sources of food
- As a result humans began living in villages - towns - cities
- Infant mortality rates declined and lives were extended
Why was there a RAPID increase in population beginning about 200 years ago?
- Industrial Revolution
- Invention breeds invention
- Medical advances, improved sanitation, cultural norms, new technologies all helped
- Infant mortality rates declined further and lives were extended even more
Population Growth Rates
Slow Growth Rate – Canada, USA, France
No Growth Rate – Spain, Austria, Finland
Negative Growth Rate – Germany, Russia, Japan
demographic transition model: stage 1
Applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution
- both birth rates and death rates are high
- population size remains fairly constant
- (can have swings with events such as wars or pandemics)
demographic transition model: stage 2
The introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high;
- the result is rapid population growth
- Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage Two
demographic transition model: stage 3
Birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to women’s health
- Population growth continues, but at a lower rate
- Most developing countries are in Stage Three
demographic transition model: stage 4
Birth rates and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population.
- These countries tend to have developed economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate at about two children per woman
demographic transition model: stage 5
A possible Stage Five would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population
demographic transition model: limitations
Limitations:
- There are always outliers and exceptions (as with any model!):
- Cannot reveal the impact of other demographic variables such as migration
- The model does not predict how long a country will be in each stage
Mao was pro-natalist
Worried about Soviet Union (defense)
Mao would boast: “could lose 300 million…”
Power in numbers
He didn’t understand food production! Starvation…
Mao not all to blame! Just part of the population bulge… (industrialization)
Hans Rosling connection?
Mortality = more births
when was the one child polciy
1953 Leaders first suggest that the population should be controlled
1970 China’s population exceeds 800 million.
1975 Slogan “late, long & few” → encourages 1 child and no more than 2.
1979 Communist party imposes law placing limit of one child / family.
1984 Policy adjusts, allowing a second child for some in rural areas and for couples who were both an only child, and in some other specified circumstances.
2001 To manage OCP: penalties for unapproved births (e.g. fines).
2013 Exempt: 2 children for families where just one parent is an only child.
2015 OCP scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children…
2018 A total scrap of two child policy proposed (see article)
pros of the one child policy
- Economic benefits to those who complied (e.g. loans, housing improvements, job leave)
- Said to have prevented 400,000,000 births!
- More jobs, increased wages, less competition
- More investment in girls’ education etc.
cons of the one child policy
- Disparity in childbirth ratio; 30 million more men than women
- Human trafficking
- Human
Rights violation
(forced abortions & sterilizations) - 4-2-1 issue:
4 GPs; 2 parents
1 child
“Little Emperor Syndrome”
what are some unintended conquences of the one child policy
- a skewed sex-ratio made it more difficult for young men to find Chinese wives
- now they are telling women to have children in uni because older women give birth to children with birth defects
- the ferility rate has sunk below 2.1
- ## Many couples do not want more children because they cannot afford to pay more for housing, health care and education.
GLOBALISATION
The process by which societies, cultures, politics, and economies around the world are becoming increasingly integrated.
globalization: political
Political globalisation is the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity.
- Nation-state – Sovereign territory with defined borders. People share some common facets of cultural identity.
- Own system of law, currency, government
- United Nations, World Health Organization,World Bank, International Monetary Fund
globalization: econmomic
Economic globalisation refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
globalization: cultural
Cultural globalisation refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.
