push 'em a river 2 Flashcards
<p>500. Supreme Court: Worchester v. Georgia</p>
<p>1832 - Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling.</p>
<p>501. Supreme Court: River Bridge v. Warren Bridge</p>
<p>1837 - Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge.</p>
<p>502. Supreme Court: Commonwealth v. Hunt</p>
<p>1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.</p>
<p>503. Great American Desert</p>
<p>Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>504. Manifest Destiny</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phrase commonly used in the 1840’s and 1850’s. It expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific.</p>
<p>505. Horace Greeley (1811-1873)</p>
<p>Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling in the East could make the fortunes by going west.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>506. Senator Thomas Hart Benton (1782-1858)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery.</p>
<p>507. Stephen Austin (1793-1836)</p>
<p>In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan indedendence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers’ army in the Texas Revolution.</p>
<p>508. Texas War for Independence</p>
<p>After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>509. Santa Ana</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.</p>
<p>510. Alamo</p>
<p>A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>511. San Jacinto</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana’s camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana’s men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.</p>
<p>512. Sam Houston (1793-1863)</p>
<p>Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they were outnumbered 2 to 1. He was President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas joining the Confederacy.</p>
<p>513. Republic of Texas</p>
<p>Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>514. Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution under President Tyler</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office.</p>
<p>515. Election of 1844: Candidates</p>
<p>James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>516. Election of 1844: Issues</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Manifest Destiny Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform.</p>
<p>517. Election of 1844: Third party's impact</p>
<p>Third party's impact was significant. James G. Birney drew enough votes away from Clay to give Polk New York, and thus the election.</p>
<p>518. Election 1844: Liberty Party</p>
<p>The first abolitionist party - believed in ending slavery.</p>
<p>519. Reoccupation of Texas and reannexation of Oregon</p>
<p>Texas was annexed by Polk in 1845. Oregon was explored by Lewis and Clark from 1804 to 1806 and American fur traders set up there, but during the War of 1812, the British essentially took control of Oregon and held it jointly with the U.S. The land was returned to the U.S. with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>520. 54º40’ or Fight!</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40’ latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.</p>
<p>521. James K. Polk</p>
<p>President known for promoting Manifest Destiny.</p>
<p>522. Slidell mission to Mexico</p>
<p>Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>523. Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.</p>
<p>524. General Zachary Taylor</p>
<p>Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk’s orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor’s forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.</p>
<p>525. Mexican War: causes, results</p>
<p>Causes: annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz, with the Army being led by Winfield Scott. Results: U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>526. Spot Resolutions</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.</p>
<p>527. Stephen Kearny</p>
<p>Commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico.</p>
<p>528. John C. Fremont</p>
<p>Civil governor of California, led the Army exploration to help Kearny. Heard that a war with Mexico was coming, thought he could take California by himself before the war began and become a hero. He failed, so he joined forces with Kearny.</p>
<p>529. General Winfield Scott</p>
<p>Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>530. Nicholas Trist</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.</p>
<p>531. Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago provisions</p>
<p>This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.</p>
<p>532. All Mexico Movement</p>
<p>Benito Juarez overthrew Mexican dictator Santa Ana. Mexico began blocking American immigration (Mexico for Mexicans only).</p>
<p>533. Mexican Cession</p>
<p>Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada & Colorado. (Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>534. Webster-Ashburton Treaty</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1842 - Established Maine’s northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.</p>
<p>535. Carolina and Creole Affairs</p>
<p>A group of Canadian malcontents determined to free Canada from British rule made looting forays into Canada from an island being supplied by a ship from Carolina. The Canadians burned the vessel and killed an American on board. The Creole Affair involved slaves who mutinied and killed a crewman, then sailed to the Bahamas, where the British let them all go. The U.S. wanted the slaves back, but Britain refused. The ship stolen by the slaves was the Creole.</p>
<p>536. Aroostook War</p>
<p>Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook Rive in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.</p>
<p>537. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848)</p>
<p>His American fur company (est. 1808) rapidly became the dominant fur trading company in America. Helped finance the War of 1812. First millionaire in America (in cash, not land).</p>
<p>538. Oregon Fever</p>
<p>1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.</p>
<p>539. Willamette Valley</p>
<p>The spot where many settlers travelling along the Oregon trailed stopped.</p>
<p>540. Oregon Territory</p>
<p>The territory comprised what arenow the states of Oregon and Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada. This land was claimed by both the U.S. and Britain and was held jointly under the Convention of 1818.</p>
<p>541. 49th Parallel</p>
<p>The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
<p>542. Election of 1848: Cass, Taylor</p>
<p>Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>543. Wilmot Proviso</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress’ approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican, Party.</p>
<p>544. Gadsen Purchase</p>
<p>1853 - After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgowas signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, was instructed by President Pierce to draw up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.</p>
<p>545. Hegemony</p>
<p>Domination or leadership - especially the predominant influence of one state over others. Northern states seemed to be dominating Southern states.</p>
<p>546. "Transportation Revolution"</p>
<p>By the 1850s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. It allowed goods to be moved in large quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked cities' economies together.</p>
<p>547. Commonwealth v. Hunt</p>
<p>1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.</p>
<p>548. Boston Associates</p>
<p>The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.</p>
<p>549. Lowell Factory</p>
<p>Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building.</p>
<p>550. Factory girls</p>
<p>Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>551. Cyrus McCormic, mechanical reaper</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>McCormic built the reaping machine in 1831, and it make farming more efficient. Part of the industrial revolution, it allowed farmers to substantially increase the acreage that could be worked by a single family, and also made corporate farming possible.</p>
<p>552. Elias Howe (1819-1869)</p>
<p>Invented the sewing machine in 1846, which made sewing faster and more efficient.</p>
<p>553. Ten-Hour Movement</p>
<p>Labor unions advocated a 10-hour workday. Previously workers had worked from sun up to sundown.</p>
<p>554. Clipper ships</p>
<p>Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. They were developed in the second quarter of the 1800s. These ships were unequalled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western U.S.</p>
<p>555. Cyrus Field (1819-1892)</p>
<p>An American financier who backed the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic. After four failed attempts in 1857, 1858 and 1865, a submarine cable was successfully laid between Newfoundland and Ireland in July, 1866.</p>
<p>556. Robert Fulton, steamships</p>
<p>A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America’s first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>557. Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Morse developed a working telegraph which improved communications.</p>
<p>558. Walker Tariff</p>
<p>1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.</p>
<p>559. Independent Treasury System, Van Buren and Polk</p>
<p>Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.</p>
<p>560. American Colonization Society</p>
<p>Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.</p>
<p>561. Abolitionism</p>
<p>The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>562. Sectionalism</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.</p>
<p>563. William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)</p>
<p>A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.</p>
<p>564. The Liberator</p>
<p>A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Despite having a relatively small circulation, it achieved national notoriety due to Garrison's strong arguments.</p>
<p>565. American Anti-slavery Society</p>
<p>Formed in 1833, a major abolitionist movement in the North.</p>
<p>566. Theodore Weld (1802-1895)</p>
<p>Weld was devoted to the abolitionism movement. He advised the breakaway anti-slavery Whigs in Congress and his anonymous tract "American Slavery as It Is" (1839) was the inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin.</p>
<p>567. Theodore Parker (1810-1860)</p>
<p>A leading transcendentalist radical, he became known as "the keeper of the public's conscience". His advocation for social reform often put him in physical danger, though his causes later became popular.</p>
<p>568. The Grimke sisters</p>
<p>Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.</p>
<p>569. Elijah Lovejoy (1802-1837)</p>
<p>An abolitionist and editor. The press he used was attacked four time and Lovejoy was killed defending it. His death was an example of violence against abolitionists.</p>
<p>570. Wendell Phillips</p>
<p>An orator and associate of Garrison, Phillips was an influential abolitionist lecturer.</p>
<p>571. Nat Turner's Insurrection</p>
<p>1831 - Slave uprising. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This let to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.</p>
<p>572. David Walker (1785-1830), "Walker's Appeal"</p>
<p>A Boston free black man who published papers against slavery.</p>
<p>573. Sojourner Truth</p>
<p>Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery.</p>
<p>574. Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800)</p>
<p>A slave, he planned a revolt to make Virginia a state for Blacks. He organized about 1,000 slaves who met outside Richmond the night of August 30, 1800. They had planned to attack the city, but the roads leading to it were flooded. The attack was delayed and a slave owner found out about it. Twenty-five men were hanged, including Gabriel.</p>
<p>575. Denmark Vesey</p>
<p>A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.</p>
<p>576. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)</p>
<p>A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.</p>
<p>577. Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia</p>
<p>An iron mill in Richmond. It was run by skilled slave labor and was among the best iron foundry in the nation. It kept the Confederacy alive until 1863 as its only supplier of cannons. It was also the major munitions supplier of the South and was directly responsible for the capitol of the Confederacy being moved to Richmond.</p>
<p>578. Mountain Whites in the South</p>
<p>Rednecks. Usually poor, aspired to be successful enough to own slaves. Hated Blacks and rich Whites. Made up much of the Confederate Army, fighting primarily for sectionalism and states' rights.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>579. Prigg v. Pennsylvania</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.</p>
<p>580. "King Cotton"</p>
<p>Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".</p>
<p>581. Free Soil Party</p>
<p>Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.</p>
<p>582. John Sutter (1803-1880)</p>
<p>A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.</p>
<p>583. Forty-Niners</p>
<p>Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.</p>
<p>584. California applies for admission as a state</p>
<p>Californians were so eager to join the union that they created and ratified a constitution and elected a government before receiving approval from Congress. California was split down the middle by the Missouri Compromise line, so there was a conflict over whether it should be slave or free.</p>
<p>585. Compromise of 1850: provisions, impact</p>
<p>Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.</p>
<p>586. Fugitive Slave Law</p>
<p>Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.</p>
<p>587. Anthony Burns (1834-1862)</p>
<p>A slave who fled from Virginia to Boston in 1854. Attempts to return him led to unrest in Boston. He was successfully returned at a cost $100,000. He was bought a few months later by a Boston group intent on setting him free.</p>
<p>588. Ablemann v. Booth</p>
<p>1859 - Sherman Booth was sentenced to prison in a federal court for assisting in a fugitive slave's rescue in Milwaukee. He was released by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of federal government over state government.</p>
<p>589. Webster's 7th of March Speech</p>
<p>Daniel Webster, a Northerner and opposed to slavery, spoke before Congress on March 7, 1850. During this speech, he envisioned thatg the legacy of the fugitive slave laws would be to divide the nation over the issue of slavery.</p>
<p>590. Nashville Convention</p>
<p>Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>591. Henry Clay (1777-1852)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.</p>
<p>592. John C. Calhoun</p>
<p>Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.</p>
<p>593. Underground Railroad</p>
<p>A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.</p>
<p>594. Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)</p>
<p>A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom.</p>
<p>595. Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe</p>
<p>She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystalize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.</p>
<p>596. Election of 1852: end of the Whig party</p>
<p>By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party.</p>
<p>597. Perry and Japan</p>
<p>Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan to open trade between it and the U.S. In 1853, his armed squadron anchored in Tokyo Bay, where the Japanese were so impressed that they signed the Treaty of Kanagania in 1854, which opened Japanese ports to American trade.</p>
<p>598. Ostend Manifesto</p>
<p>The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.</p>
<p>599. Kansas - Nebraska Act</p>
<p>1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.</p>
<p>600. Birth of the Republican Party</p>
<p>A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.</p>
<p>601. Stephen A. Douglas</p>
<p>A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.</p>
<p>602. Popular Sovereignty</p>
<p>The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.</p>
<p>603. Thirty-six, thirty line</p>
<p>According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 36º30' N latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.</p>
<p>604. Election of 1856: Republican Party, Know-Nothing Party</p>
<p>Democrat - James Buchanan (won by a narrow margin). Republican - John Fremont. Know- Nothing Party and Whig - Millard Fillmore. First election for the Republican Party. Know- Nothings opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing".</p>
<p>605. "Bleeding Kansas"</p>
<p>Also known as the Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped percipitate the Civil War.</p>
<p>606. Lawrence, Kansas</p>
<p>1855 - Where the pro-slavery /anti-slavery war in Kansas began ("Bleeding Kansas or Kansas Border War).</p>
<p>607. "Beecher's Bibles"</p>
<p>During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles".</p>
<p>608. John Brown's Raid</p>
<p>In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.</p>
<p>609. Pottawatomie Massacre</p>
<p>John Brown let a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue.</p>
<p>610. New England Emigrant Aid Company</p>
<p>Promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2600 people to move.</p>
<p>611. Sumner-Brooks Affair</p>
<p>1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.</p>
<p>612. Lecompton Constitution</p>
<p>The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.</p>
<p>613. Dred Scott Decision</p>
<p>A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.</p>
<p>614. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (pronounced "Tawny")</p>
<p>As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.</p>
<p>615. Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 during Illinois Senatorial campaign</p>
<p>A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.</p>
<p>616. Freeport Doctrine</p>
<p>During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.</p>
<p>617. Panic of 1857</p>
<p>Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South.</p>
<p>618. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society</p>
<p>The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.</p>
<p>619. Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South</p>
<p>Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.</p>
<p>620. Lincoln's "House Divided" speech</p>
<p>In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."</p>
<p>621. John Brown, Harper's Ferry Raid</p>
<p>In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.</p>
<p>622. Election of 1860: candidates, parties, issues</p>
<p>Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).</p>
<p>623. Democratic Party Conventions: Baltimore, Charleston</p>
<p>The Democratic Party split North and South. The Northern Democratic convention was held in Baltimore and the Southern in Charleston. Douglas was the Northern candidate and Breckenridge was the Southern (they disagreed on slavery).</p>
<p>624. John Bell</p>
<p>He was a moderate and wanted the union to stay together. After Southern states seceded from the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North.</p>
<p>625. John Breckinridge (1821-1875)</p>
<p>Nominated by pro-slavers who had seceded from the Democratic convention, he was strongly for slavery and states' rights.</p>
<p>626. Republican Party: 1860 platform, supporter, leaders</p>
<p>1860 platform: free soil principles, a protective tariff. Supporters: anti-slavers, business, agriculture. Leaders: William M. Seward, Carl Shulz.</p>
<p>627. Buchanan and the Secession Crisis</p>
<p>After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.</p>
<p>628. Crittenden Compromise proposal</p>
<p>A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.</p>
<p>629. Border states</p>
<p>States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.</p>
<p>630. South's advantages in the Civil War</p>
<p>Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.</p>
<p>631. North's advantages in the Civil War</p>
<p>Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.</p>
<p>632. Fort Sumter</p>
<p>Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.</p>
<p>633. Bull Run</p>
<p>At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.</p>
<p>634. Monitor and the Merrimac</p>
<p>First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia.</p>
<p>635. Lee, Jackson</p>
<p>General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military leaders in the Civil War.</p>
<p>636. Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade</p>
<p>Union generals in the Civil War.</p>
<p>637. Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox</p>
<p>Battle sites of the Civil War. Gettysburg - 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Vicksburg - besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months. Antietam - turning point of the war and a much-needed victory for Lincoln. Appomattox - Lee surrendered to Grant.</p>
<p>638. Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens</p>
<p>Davis was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861. Stephens was vice-president.</p>
<p>639. Northern blockade</p>
<p>Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded.</p>
<p>640. Cotton versus Wheat</p>
<p>Cotton was a cash crop and could be sold for large amounts of money. Wheat was mainly raised to feed farmers and their animals. The North had to choose which to grow.</p>
<p>641.Copperheads</p>
<p>Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him.</p>
<p>642. Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham</p>
<p>An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South.</p>
<p>643. Suspension of habeas corpus</p>
<p>Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.</p>
<p>644. Republican legislation passed in Congress after Southerners left: banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad</p>
<p>With no Southerners to vote them down, the Northern Congressman passed all the bills they wanted to. Led to the industrial revolution in America.</p>
<p>645. Conscription draft riots</p>
<p>The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people.</p>
<p>646. Emancipation Proclamation</p>
<p>September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.</p>
<p>647. Charles Francis Adams</p>
<p>Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.</p>
<p>648. Great Britain: Trent, Alabama, Laird rams, "Continuous Voyage"</p>
<p>A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months. The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South.</p>
<p>649. Election of 1864: candidates, parties</p>
<p>Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)</p>
<p>650. Financing of the war effort by North and South</p>
<p>The North was much richer than the South, and financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods. The South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver.</p>
<p>651. Clara Barton</p>
<p>Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.</p>
<p>652. Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan</p>
<p>Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.</p>
<p>653. Assassination of April 14, 1865</p>
<p>While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth.</p>
<p>654. John Wilkes Booth</p>
<p>An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier.</p>
<p>655. Ex Parte Milligan</p>
<p>1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.</p>
<p>656. Radical Republicans</p>
<p>After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.</p>
<p>657. Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis Manifesto</p>
<p>1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.</p>
<p>658. Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Committee of Fifteen)</p>
<p>Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. The purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction. Most were radical Republicans.</p>
<p>659. Reconstruction Acts</p>
<p>1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.</p>
<p>660. State suicide theory</p>
<p>The Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide. This theory was used to justify the North taking military control of the South.</p>
<p>661. Conquered territory theory</p>
<p>Stated that conquered Southern states weren't part of the Union, but were instead conquered territory, which the North could deal with however they like.</p>
<p>662. The unreconstructed South</p>
<p>The South's infrastructure had been destroyed - manufacturing had almost ceased. Few banks were solvent and in some areas starvation was imminent. General Sherman had virtually destroyed large areas on his "march to the sea".</p>
<p>663. Black codes</p>
<p>Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.</p>
<p>664. Texas v. White</p>
<p>1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.</p>
<p>665. Thaddeus Stevens</p>
<p>A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.</p>
<p>666. Charles Sumner</p>
<p>The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.</p>
<p>667. Andrew Johnson (1808-1875)</p>
<p>A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.</p>
<p>668. Freedmen's Bureau</p>
<p>1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.</p>
<p>669. General Oliver O. Howard</p>
<p>Service as director of the Freedmen's Bureau.</p>
<p>670. Ku Klux Klan</p>
<p>White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.</p>
<p>671. Civil Rights Act</p>
<p>1866 - Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.</p>
<p>672. Thirteenth Amendment</p>
<p>1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.</p>
<p>673. Fourteenth Amendment and its provisions</p>
<p>1866, ratified 1868. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.</p>
<p>674. Fifteenth Amendment</p>
<p>Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.</p>
<p>675. Tenure of Office Act</p>
<p>1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".</p>
<p>676. Impeachment</p>
<p>To bring charges against a public official. Johnson was impeached, but was saved from being taken out of office by one vote.</p>
<p>677. Chief Justice Chase</p>
<p>Chief Justice in 1868, he upheld Republican Reconstruction laws and ruled that paper money was not a legal substitute for specie.</p>
<p>678. Secretary of War Stanton</p>
<p>As Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. The dismissal of Stanton let to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.</p>
<p>679. Scalawags</p>
<p>A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.</p>
<p>680. Carpetbaggers</p>
<p>A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.</p>
<p>681. Purchase of Alaska</p>
<p>In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.</p>
<p>682. Secretary of State William Seward</p>
<p>1867 - An eager expansionist, he was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.</p>
<p>683. Napoleon III</p>
<p>Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.</p>
<p>684. Maximillian in Mexico</p>
<p>European prince appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.</p>
<p>685. Monroe Doctrine</p>
<p>1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.</p>
<p>686. Ulysses S. Grant</p>
<p>U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.</p>
<p>687. Treaty of Washington</p>
<p>1871 - Settled the Northern claims between the U.S. and Great Britain. Canada gave the U.S. permanent fishing rights to the St. Lawrence River.</p>
<p>688. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish</p>
<p>A member of the Grant administration, he was an able diplomat who peacefully settled conflicts with Great Britain through the Treaty of Washington.</p>
<p>689. Election of 1872: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley</p>
<p>Liberal Republicans sought honest government and nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley. Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.</p>
<p>690. Election of 1876: Hayes and Tilden</p>
<p>Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. 20 electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner - fraud was suspected.</p>
<p>691. Compromise of 1877 provisions</p>
<p>Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.</p>
<p>692. Solid South</p>
<p>Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.</p>
<p>693. Sharecropping, Crop Lien System</p>
<p>Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.</p>
<p>694. Segregation</p>
<p>The separation of blacks and whites, mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc.</p>
<p>695. Hiram R. Revels</p>
<p>North Carolina free black, he became a senator in 1870.</p>
<p>696. Blanche K. Bruce</p>
<p>Became a senator in 1874 -- the only black to be elected to a full term until Edward Brooke in 1966.</p>
<p>697. Prigg v. Pennsylvania</p>
<p>1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.</p>
<p>698. Dred Scott v. Sandford</p>
<p>A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.</p>
<p>699. Ablemann v. Booth</p>
<p>1859 - Sherman Booth was sentenced to prison in a federal court for assisting in a fugitive slave's rescue in Milwaukee. He was released by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of federal government over state government.</p>
