Purple Book 1 Flashcards
Globalization
Is the process by which people, businesses, and countries become more connected and interdependent through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. It means that ideas, goods, and services move more freely across borders, making the world feel smaller and more integrated.
Realism
It argues that countries act in their self-interest for power and security, viewing the international system as anarchic, with limited cooperation among nations.
Liberalism
Key ideas include the notion that countries can collaboratively tackle challenges rather than compete against each other, and that democracies are less likely to engage in conflict with one another. Additionally, economic ties can foster stability, while international organizations like the UN help facilitate collaboration and resolve disputes.
Constructivism
Emphasizes the social construction of reality, arguing that the identities, interests, and actions of states and other actors are shaped by their interactions, culture, norms, and shared values.
Philosophy
It helps us think about ethics and what is right or wrong in global issues like human rights. It provides the foundation for theories like realism and liberalism, explaining how countries behave.
Behavioralism
Key aspects include objective analysis and a focus on the behavior of individuals, groups, and institutions rather than abstract concepts. Overall, behavioralism seeks to provide a scientific understanding of political phenomena based on evidence.
Sovereignty
The power of a country to govern itself and make its own rules without outside interference. It includes internal sovereignty, which is the ability of a government to control what happens within its borders, and external sovereignty, which means that a country is independent and recognized by others.
Imperialism
The practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries or regions, often through colonization, military force, or economic dominance.
Colonialism
The practice of a country establishing control over a foreign territory, often by settling its people there and exploiting the local resources and population.
Industrial Revolution
Period of rapid industrial growth and change that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. It marked the transition from hand-made goods to machine production, leading to the rise of factories and mass production.
Napoleonic Wars
They started because of the French Revolution and Napoleon’s desire to expand France’s power in Europe. Important battles included Austerlitz and Waterloo. These wars caused major changes in Europe, spreading ideas of nationalism and changing country borders. The wars ended with Napoleon’s defeat, leading to his exile and the return of many monarchies in Europe.
The Westphalian System
This agreement established important ideas like state sovereignty, meaning each country has the right to govern itself without outside interference. The Westphalian System created the modern idea of nation-states, where countries are seen as independent with clear borders. It emphasizes diplomacy and respect for other countries’ internal affairs, shaping how nations relate to each other today.
World War I
Ended the balance-of-power system, causing empires like Russia and Austria-Hungary to collapse and fueling nationalism and anger in Germany. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, leading to the rise of extremist groups, while the weak League of Nations and President Wilson’s failed vision contributed to ongoing global troubles.
World War II
Shifted power to the U.S. and the Soviet Union, starting the Cold War. Triggered by Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, the Allies defeated the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—by 1945. The Axis sought to expand their territories and influence, with Germany aiming for domination in Europe, Italy pursuing a new Roman Empire, and Japan expanding in Asia and the Pacific. The war caused immense suffering, especially from Nazi genocide and Japan’s brutality. It ended with the U.S. dropping atomic bombs on Japan, causing its surrender and the beginning of the Cold War.
Cold War
A period of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from the late 1940s to the early 1990s, rooted in their opposing ideologies of capitalism and communism. It included confrontations like the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, often fought through indirect conflicts rather than direct battles. In Asia and Latin America, the U.S. tried to contain communism, leading to significant political changes. Although it’s called a “Cold War,” there was much rivalry and tension, ending with the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991 and leaving the U.S. as the dominant global power.
The Emergence of Terrorism
After the Cold War, terrorism grew as a major issue, highlighted by the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. fought the Taliban in Afghanistan, but they regrouped after the 2021 withdrawal. The 2003 Iraq invasion based on false weapons claims also caused instability, and ISIS continued to inspire attacks.
Financial Crises
Risky borrowing led to the 2008 financial crisis, affecting the global economy. The Eurozone crisis began in 2009, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 prompted a $750 billion EU recovery fund.
Arab Spring
A wave of protests and uprisings that began in late 2010 across the Arab world, aiming to end authoritarian regimes and promote reform.
Comunism
Aims for a classless society where all property is publicly owned, and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. It seeks to eliminate private ownership of the means of production, such as factories and land, to reduce inequality.
Capitalism
It emphasizes individual freedom, private property, and free markets. Supporters argue that capitalism fosters economic growth and innovation through competition. However, critics highlight issues like economic inequality and exploitation.
