Pure Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an improper algebraic fraction?

A

One whose numerator has a degree equal to or larger than the denominator

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2
Q

What is a mapping? (Functions)

A

A function if every input has a distinct output.

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3
Q

What counts as a function and what doesn’t?

A

One-to-one functions
Many-to-one functions
But One-to-many is not a function!

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4
Q

What is the relationship between the graph of f(x) and f⁻¹(x)?

A

f⁻¹(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the line y=x

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5
Q

Describe the transformation f(x+a)

A

Horizontal translation of -a

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6
Q

Describe the transformation f(x) + a

A

Vertical translation of a

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7
Q

Describe the transformation f(ax)

A

Horizontal stretch of scale factor 1/a

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8
Q

Describe the transformation af(x)

A

Vertical stretch of scale factor a

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9
Q

Describe the transformation -f(x)

A

Reflects f(x) in the x-axis

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10
Q

Describe the transformation f(-x)

A

Reflects f(x) in the y-axis

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11
Q

What is the formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence?

A

uₙ = a + (n-1) d

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12
Q

What is the formula for the nth term of an geometric sequence?

A

uₙ = arⁿ⁻¹

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13
Q

What is the sum to infinity formula for a geometric series? What is the condition?

A

Series must be converging, |r|<1

S∞ = a /(1-r)

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14
Q

What is the sum of series formula for arithmetic series?

A

Sₙ = 0.5n(2a + (n-1)d)
or
Sₙ = 0.5n (a + l)

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15
Q

What is the sum of series formula for geometric series?

A

Sₙ = a(1-r ⁿ)/(1-r)

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16
Q

When is a sequence increasing?

A

If uₙ₊₁ > uₙ

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17
Q

When is a sequence decreasing?

A

If uₙ₊₁ < uₙ

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18
Q

When is a sequence periodic? What is the order of a periodic sequence?

A

If the terms repeat in a cycle. For a periodic sequence there is an integer k such that uₙ₊ₖ = uₙ for all n ε ℕ. The value k is the order of the sequence

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19
Q

When is the binomial expansion f (1+bx)ⁿ valid, when n is negative or a fraction?

A

|bx| < 1

or |x| < 1/ |b|

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20
Q

When is the binomial expansion f (a+bx)ⁿ valid, when n is negative or a fraction?

A

|ba/x| < 1

or |x| < |a/b|

21
Q

What is a sector? A segment? (of a circle)

A

Sector is like a pizza slice

A segment is the area of the circle when the circle is cut by a chord

22
Q

What is the formula for the area of a segment?

A

A = 0.5 r² (θ - sinθ)

23
Q

What are the small angle approximations?

A

sinθ ≈ θ
tanθ ≈ θ
cosθ ≈ 1 - θ²/2

24
Q

What does the graph of y = sec x look like? What is the domain and range? Period?

A

Symmetrical about y-axis
u and n shapes. Asymptotes at π/2, 3π/2 etc.
Domain: all real values of x. Except x ≠ π/2, 3π/2, … or any odd multiple of π/2
Range y ≤ -1, y ≥ 1
Period: 2π

25
What does the graph of y = cosec x look like? What is the domain and range? Period?
u and n shapes. Asymptotes at π, 2π etc. Domain: all real values of x. Except x ≠ π, 2π, ... or any integer multiple of π Range y ≤ -1, y ≥ 1 Period: 2π
26
What does the graph of y = cot x look like? What is the domain and range? Period?
Period of π rads. Vertical asymptotes at 0, π, 2π etc. Domain: All real values of x. Except x ≠ π, 2π, ... or any integer multiple of π Range: All real values of y
27
State the identity including tan and 1
1 + tan²x ≡ sec²x
28
State the identity including cot and 1
1 + cot²x ≡ cosec²x
29
What is the domain and range of y = arcsin x?
Domain: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 Range: -π/2 ≤ arcsin x ≤ π/2
30
What is the domain and range of y = arccos x?
Domain: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 Range: 0 ≤ arccos x ≤ π
31
What is the domain and range of y = arctan x?
Domain: all real values of x Range: -π/2 ≤ arctan x ≤ π/2
32
What is the double angle formula for cos(2A)?
Cos(2A) ≡ cos²A - sin²A ≡ 2cos²A -1 ≡ 1 - 2sin²A
33
What is the double angle formula for sin(2A)?
sin(2A) = 2sinAcosA
34
What is the double angle formula for tan(2A)?
2tanA/(1-tan²A)
35
What is the harmonic form of asinx ± bcosx?
``` R sin (x ± α) R > 0 0 < α < π/2 R cos α = a R sin α = b R = √(a² + b²) ```
36
What is the harmonic form of acosx ± bsinx?
R cos (x ∓ α)
37
What is the chain rule?
dy/dx = dy/du * du/dx
38
What is the product rule?
y=uv then | dy/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx
39
What is the quotient rule?
``` y = u/v then dy/dx = (v du/dx - u dv/dx ) / v² ```
40
When is a function concave?
When f''(x) ≤ 0
41
When is a function convex?
When f''(x) ≥ 0
42
Where is a point of inflection?
A point at which f''(x) changes sign
43
Describe the conclusion when you have shown that there is a root in the interval [a, b]
If the function is CONTINUOUS on the interval [a, b] and f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, then f(x) has at least one root x, which satisfies a < x < b
44
What is the Newton-Raphson formula?
xₙ₊₁ = xₙ - f(xₙ)/f'(xₙ)
45
What is the trapezium rule?
∫ᵇₐ y dx ≈ ½ h (y₀ + 2( y₁ + y₂ + ... + yₙ₋₁) + yₙ) ``` h = (b-a)/n yᵢ = f(a + hᵢ) ```
46
How can you rewrite dy/dx = f(x)g(y) ?
∫ 1/g(y) dy = ∫ f(x) dx
47
If 𝗮 = x𝗶 + y𝗷 + z𝗸 makes and angle θₓ with the positive x-axis, how do you calculate θₓ?
cos θₓ = x / |a|
48
If 𝗮 = x𝗶 + y𝗷 + z𝗸 makes and angle θᵧ with the positive y-axis, how do you calculate θᵧ?
cos θᵧ = y / |a|
49
If 𝗮 = x𝗶 + y𝗷 + z𝗸 makes and angle θ𝓏 with the positive z-axis, how do you calculate θ𝓏?
cos θ𝓏 = z / |a|