Pure Audio Visual Reasearch #2 !!! (TEXT) Flashcards
Pure Audio Visual Reasearch #2 !!! (TEXT)
Pure Audio Visual Reasearch #2 !!! (TEXT)
DLP, LCD, LED
1) DLP, (digital light processing)
LCD, (liquid crystal display)
and LED Technology
The technology used in projectors can generally be broken down into two types: transmissive or reflective. Because LCD projectors pass light through the LCD panels rather than bouncing it away, they are considered a transmissive medium.
A DLP projector uses mirrors to direct the light in an image, so it is considered to be “reflective.” The third type of projector discussed, an LED projector, is named for the light source, not the type of projection technology.
How DLP Projectors Work
First appearing on the market in the 1980s, DLP projectors rely primarily on a DLP chip (called a digital micromirror device, or DMD), comprised of up to two million tiny mirrors, no wider than one-fifth the width of a human hair.
Each mirror in this chip is capable of independent adjustment, moving toward or away from the light source to create a dark or light pixel. At this point, however, the image is in grayscale. Color is fed to the DMD by a beam of light that passes through a spinning color wheel before it reaches the chip. Each segment of the color wheel delivers one color. Basic color wheels support red, blue, and green, whereas more advanced color wheels support cyan, magenta, and yellow. While these chips can create up to 16.7 million colors, a DLP projector with a three-chip architecture can deliver up to 35 trillion colors. After color reaches the DMD, the image is fed through the lens and onto the projection screen.
Advantages and Disadvantages to DLP Projectors
DLP projectors require less maintenance than LCD projectors because they have a filter-free and sealed chip design, which means dust can’t settle on the chip and cause an image spot. They are effectively immune to color decay. Furthermore, they are not subject to the misalignments that can occur in LCD projectors with a three-panel design, which require each panel to be in perfect position to combine the image at the proper angle. However, DLP projectors with slower color wheels may give off a rainbow effect; flashes of color that appear on the screen, like rainbows. Furthermore, while the chip is sealed, other components are not, so dust can settle on the color wheel and affect image quality. Another disadvantage may be the poor viewing range. Most DLP projectors are not readily compatible with zoom lenses or lens shift functions, which means they are best suited to smaller environments.
2)How LCD Projectors Work
LCD projectors have been around since the 1980s, and use the same liquid crystal displays that create the images in watches and other electronic devices. Specifically, most LCD projectors use 3 LCD technology, a patented system that combines three liquid crystal displays. An image is created in a multistep process, which begins with the light source providing a beam of white light. The white light is passed to three mirrors (called dichroic mirrors) that are specially shaped to reflect only a certain wavelength of light. In this case, the mirrors reflect red, blue, and green wavelengths. Each beam of colored light is then fed to an LCD panel, which receives an electrical signal that tells it how to arrange the pixels in the display to create the image. All three LCD panels create the same image, but they have different hues because of the colored light passing through the panel. The images then combine in a prism, creating a single image with up to 16.7 million colors that is passed through the lens and projected onto the screen.
Advantages and Disadvantages to LCD Projectors
LCD projectors have been around since the 1980s, and the technology is more reliable than film projectors. However, they may still require maintenance, as pixels can burn out and dust particles can interfere with image quality. On the other hand, LCD projectors have no moving parts, as DLP projectors do, and they are generally less expensive than their DLP counterparts. They also support setups in larger rooms where a greater projection distance is needed, because they are compatible with zoom lenses and lens shifts.
3) How LED Projectors Work
As previously stated, LED projectors are defined not by the display technology used, but the lighting. In fact, some DLP projectors with “solid-state illumination” technology are actually LED projectors. Another type of projector, the pico projector, commonly uses LED technology as well. Pico projectors are essentially handheld devices that use LCoS(liquid crystal on silicon, which is similar to an LCD panel but reflective rather than transmissive) or DLP technology. In these cases, the projector replaces the traditional lamp with longer-lasting and more efficient LEDs, colored in red, green, and blue. In DLP projectors, this also replaces the color wheel technology, instead letting the red, blue, and green LEDs shine directly on the DMD chip.
The Advantages and Disadvantages to LED Projectors
The LEDs in an LED projector have a much longer life than traditional projector lamps, rated at 10,000 or even 20,000 hours as opposed to 1,000 hours to 5,000 hours. As such, the LED light source is meant to last the entire life of the projector without ever needing to be replaced. This is a big advantage because replacing traditional lamps can be a major expense in projector maintenance. There is no warm-up or cool-down time needed because the LEDs are much more energy efficient than traditional light sources, and they are also much quieter. This reduces maintenance and operating costs.
5) Factors to Consider when Buying LED, LCD, and DLP Projectors
When buying a projector, consumers should weigh the advantages of each type of device. The differences between the projectors can be summarized in the following chart:
LED
Beyond the technology used, however, there are other significant differences. LCD projectors are typically less expensive for smaller venues, such as home theaters. They also give the user the advantage of a longer throw distance and greater zoom capability, both of which are lacking in many DLP projectors. This makes LCD projectors ideal for larger environments. However, DLP projectors do not suffer the color decay that LCD projectors do and they are easier to maintain because of their filter-free design.
DLP projectors with LED technology are even simpler because the lamp will not need to be replaced, saving time and money for users. Pico projectors that use LED technologyhave the same long life, but are designed to be ultra-portable, connecting tosmartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. As such, they do not offer the same high levels of brightness found in larger projectors. They typically have a brightness of less than 200 ANSI lumens, whereas larger projectors can have a brightness of 1000 ANSI lumens, up to 4500 ANSI lumens or more.
qlab
1) Simply powerful show control.
QLab allows you to design and operate amazing multimedia performances from your Mac OS X computer. A single QLab workspace can control audio, video, MIDI, OSC, and more.
Amazingly deep, surprisingly easy.
Using building blocks called “cues”, you can create sophisticated designs in seconds.
Getting started is as simple as dragging in a file and pressing “GO”. From there, add commands to fade volume, animate videos, or add audio and video effects.
2) Once you master the basics, become a power user with advanced features like scripting, video corner pinning, multi-projector edge blending, audio localization, or even building multi-computer designs by sending commands to other QLab machines on your local network.
The industry standard.
Battle-tested and used by designers around the world, QLab is the tool of choice in venues large and small.
Audio Effects
You can now apply live audio effects to all your cues: EQ, pitch shift, reverb, and more. Add audio effects to individual cues, across all cue outputs, or on your device outputs.
Dynamic Effects
The powerful new Fade Cue can adjust your audio effect parameters in real time. It can even adjust playback rate, to dynamically speed up or slow down your audio, with or without pitch shifting.
Live Audio Inputs
The new Mic Cue offers up to 24 channels of live audio inputs. Plus all those routing, fading, and audio effects you get on Audio Cues? You get those on Mic Cues too.
3) It slices, it dices
Every file can now be sliced into an unlimited number of sections, and each slice gets its own loop count. If your audio files have markers, QLab will automatically import those as slices. Great for creating multiple vamps in one piece of music, or triggering events on a musical beat.
Up to 48 channels out and 24 channels per file
4) QLab 3 can read up to 24 channels in a multi-channel file, and route each channelto up to 48 outputs.
Text-based level matrix
Setting precise volume levels is now easy at any input, output, or crosspoint. Navigate from cell to cell with the arrow keys for fast volume entry. And don’t worry, you can still set volumes by clicking and dragging.
Custom Fade Curves
Draw your own volume adjustments on the audio waveform.
Non-destructive waveform editing
Visually trim the start and end times of your cues without overwriting your files.
5) Audition your Cues
Check your work without interrupting tech with the new audition window.
Live Inputs, Dynamic Effects
The new audio engine in QLab 3 lets you apply audio effects to your files and mic inputs—in real time. You can even fade the parameters of those effects to create dynamic, reactive designs. Learn more…
Surfaces, Not Screens
QLab 3 lets you abstract away the details of which projector is where, freeing you up to focus your design on the surfaces you’re painting with projections. Learn more…
Kabuki Drop
3) The Kabuki drop is a special effect in which a lightweight fabric is dropped swiftly from above to conceal or reveal your product, space, or performers. The Rose Brand Kabuki System is lightweight, modular, and easy to employ. For even greater versatility, the Rose Brand Kabuki System is capable of both single and double kabuki effects.
The single Kabuki consists of either a concealing curtain dropping in, or a revealing curtain dropping to the floor. The double Kabuki is a two-step process which begins with the curtain stored above, out of sight. The first trip releases the curtain into its concealing position. A second trip releases the curtain to the floor for the reveal.
5) Unlike other systems which require multiple trip mechanisms, the Rose Brand Kabuki System can operate a full stage single kabuki drop on just one trip mechanism. Add just one more for the double Kabuki effect.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS INCLUDE:
• Kabukis can be triggered by your light board non-dim when available, or a pendant controller (sold separately)
• Manual trip cord provides fail safe
• Pendant controller operates single or double trip effect
• Units operate from 110 v power outlet and require less than 1 amp
• Using your light board and additional trip mechanisms, the Rose Brand Kabuki can be configured to create a “tear away” trip effect
• Modular design makes installation, removal and transport simple
• Units can be linked for large full stage curtains
• Durable black anodized finish
• Lightweight aluminum construction made in the USA
• Curtains hang on pins that adjust to your grommet spacing
• Each 5’ unit is suspended from adjustable pipe clamps (included)
VLAN
1) In computer networking, a single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple distinct broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between them via one or more routers; such a domain is referred to as a virtual local area network, virtual LAN or VLAN.
This is usually achieved on switch or router devices. Simpler devices only support partitioning on a port level (if at all), so sharing VLANs across devices requires running dedicated cabling for each VLAN. More sophisticated devices can mark packets through tagging, so that a single interconnect (trunk) may be used to transport data for multiple VLANs.
2) Grouping hosts with a common set of requirements regardless of their physical location by VLAN can greatly simplify network design. A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical local area network (LAN), but it allows for end stations to be grouped together more easily even if they are not on the same network switch. VLAN membership can be configured through software instead of physically relocating devices or connections. Most enterprise-level networks today use the concept of virtual LANs. Without VLANs, a switch considers all interfaces on the switch to be in the same broadcast domain.
To physically replicate the functions of a VLAN would require a separate, parallel collection of network cables and equipment separate from the primary network. However, unlike physically separate networks, VLANs share bandwidth, so VLAN trunks may require aggregated links and/or quality of service prioritization.
3) USES
Network architects set up VLANs to provide the segmentation services traditionally provided only by routers in LAN configurations. VLANs address issues such as scalability, security, and network management. Routers in VLAN topologies provide broadcast filtering, security, address summarization, and traffic-flow management. By definition, switches may not bridge IP traffic between VLANs as doing so would violate the integrity of the VLAN broadcast domain.
VLANs can also help create multiple layer 3 networks on a single physical infrastructure. For example, if a DHCP server is plugged into a switch it will serve any host on that switch that is configured for DHCP. By using VLANs, the network can be easily split up so some hosts will not use that DHCP server and will obtain link-local addresses, or obtain an address from a different DHCP server.
5) VLANs are layer 2 constructs, compared with IP subnets, which are layer 3 constructs. In an environment employing VLANs, a one-to-one relationship often exists between VLANs and IP subnets, although it is possible to have multiple subnets on one VLAN. VLANs and IP subnets provide independent layer 2 and layer 3 constructs that map to one another and this correspondence is useful during the network design process.
By using VLANs, one can control traffic patterns and react quickly to relocations. VLANs provide the flexibility to adapt to changes in network requirements and allow for simplified administration.
Partitioning a local network into several distinctive segments for e.g.
SDI
1) Serial digital interface (SDI) is a family of digital video interfaces first standardized by SMPTE (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) in 1989.[1][2] For example, ITU-R BT.656 and SMPTE 259M define digital video interfaces used for broadcast-grade video. A related standard, known as high-definition serial digital interface (HD-SDI), is standardized in SMPTE 292M; this provides a nominal data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s.[3]
2) Additional SDI standards have been introduced to support increasing video resolutions (HD, UHD and beyond), frame rates, stereoscopic (3D) video, and color depth. Dual link HD-SDI consists of a pair of SMPTE 292M links, standardized by SMPTE 372M in 1998;[2] this provides a nominal 2.970 Gbit/s interface used in applications (such as digital cinema or HDTV 1080P) that require greater fidelity and resolution than standard HDTV can provide. 3G-SDI (standardized in SMPTE 424M) consists of a single 2.970 Gbit/s serial link that allows replacing dual link HD-SDI. As of August 2014, 6G-SDI and 12G-SDI products are already in the market, although their corresponding standards are still in proposal phase.
3) These standards are used for transmission of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video signals (optionally including embedded audio and time code) within television facilities; they can also be used for packetized data. Coaxial variants of the specification range in length but are typically less than 300 meters. Fiber optic variants of the specification such as 297M allow for long-distance transmission limited only by maximum fiber length and/or repeaters. SDI and HD-SDI are usually only available in professional video equipment because various licensing agreements restrict the use of unencrypted digital interfaces, such as SDI, prohibiting their use in consumer equipment. Several professional video and HD-video capable DSLR cameras and all uncompressed video capable consumer cameras use the HDMI interface, often called Clean HDMI. There are various mod kits for existing DVD players and other devices, which allow a user to add a serial digital interface to these devices.
Lumen and Lux
One lux is equal to one lumen per square metre:
So 1000 lumens, concentrated into an area of one square metre, lights up that square metre with an illuminance of 1000 lux. However, the same 1000 lumens, spread out over ten square metres, produces a dimmer illuminance of only 100 lux.
Some Common Lux’s:
0.0001 lux -Moonless, overcast night sky (starlight)
1.0 lux - Full moon, clear night.
50 lux -Family living room lights
100 lux - Very dark overcast day
320–500 lu - Office lighting
400 lux - Sunrise or sunset
1000 lux - Overcast day;typical TV studio lighting
10000–25000 lux- Full daylight (not direct sun)
32000–100, 000 lux - Direct sun
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
-A standardized networking protocol used on the internet protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters such as IP addresses.
IDF
(IDF) is a free-standing or wall-mounted rack for managing and interconnecting the telecommunications cable between end user devices and a main distribution frame (MDF).
martin m1
High resolution folding touchscreen
Digital LCD buttons for fast and direct parameter access
Multiple wing attachment (M-Series modules)
4x DMX Universes direct from the console; up to 16 Universes with optional license
Mx Manager Software for programming and triggering via time and calendar schedules
Customizable Graphical User Interface with context sensitive toolbars and integrated help menu
Powerful effects engine
Controls up to 8192 parameters
1000 cuelists with fader control
1000 cuelists with playback control buttons
Two separate playback sections
Parallel execution of multiple cuelists
Submaster, groupmaster and override functionality
Parameter and time-fanning functionality
Auto update for presets and cues
On-the-fly global timing adjustments
maxim lighting controller
The maXim series of consoles has been designed to satisfy the more demanding operator. There are six models in the maXim product range, starting with the 24 fader maXim S and continuing through to the 120 fader maXim XXL.
The optional PaTPad moving light controller further extends the capabilities of the maXim console with features such as palettes, groups, presets and an effects engine.
mac viper
1) The MAC Viper Performance is a full-feature framing fixture that delivers an output and performance never before seen in a fixture this size or one using so little power. Unlike other fixtures in this class, the MAC Viper Performance does not forgo an iris or animation wheel – they are both included along with a framing system and rotating gobos.
5) The framing system consists of four shutter blades that can all individually adjust +/- 30° while the entire system can rotate +/- 55°. The exacting system can repeat each cue with great precision. When fully focused, gobos can be nicely framed with a soft edge. The MAC Viper Performance has adopted the compact form, impressive speed, superior light quality and beautiful colors that the MAC Viper Profile is renowned for and uses the same 1000-watt lamp.
M2GO
Equipped with a fast, dual-core processor with no external computer required, the M2GO answers the demand for a more powerful lighting console in a smaller form. It offers a professional level of features in a portable package and has been developed with cost, ergonomics, feature set, size and weight in mind. The M2GO is a unique, portable and powerful lighting console. martin
static ip
1) An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique number assigned to every device on a network. Think of an IP address like a phone number. Network devices use IP addresses to communicate with each other.
Even though computers use IP addresses to communicate, it is easier for people to remember words than numbers. Fortunately, there is something called DNS (Domain Name System). You can think of DNS as a phone book for the Internet. It maps domain names to IP addresses.
5) When you type a URL into your browser, your browser looks up that domain name in DNS. For example, if you were to type www.google.com into your browser, your browser would ask DNS for Google’s IP address. DNS would return the IP address assigned to Google’s domain name - for example 74.125.239.35 (IPv4) or 2607:f8b0:4010:801::100e (IPv6). Your browser would then connect to that IP address.
Difference between static and dynamic IPs
When a device is assigned a static IP address, it does not change. The device always has the same IP address. When a device is assigned a dynamic IP address, the IP address changes over time.
vpn
1) A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it is directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network.[1] A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols, or traffic encryptions.
3) A virtual private network connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network (WAN) link between websites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available within the private network.[2]
5) VPNs allow employees to securely access their company’s intranet while traveling outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely connect geographically separated offices of an organization, creating one cohesive network. VPN technology is also used by Internet users to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting personal identity and location.
