Punctuation Flashcards
Period(.)
1)end of sentences
2)used in abbreviations, such as in names or titles: Mr. H. Potter opened his front door.
Question mark(?)
Exclamation mark(!)
Colon(:)
1) when introducing sth, such as a quote, an example, a series, or an explanation
⭕️ she took four classes last semester: history, biology, arts, and economics.
2) to link two independent clauses if the second clause clarifies or complete the first one
وقتایی که میخوایم یه دلیل بیاریم برای جمله اول
⭕️They didn’t have time to waste:it was already late.
3) to emphasize a subject in a sentence
⭕️I only hate one vegetable: Brussel sprouts
4) introducing a list
⭕️I need the following items from the grocery store: butter, sugar, and flour
5)introducing a single item
⭕️I know exactly what made the sound: my cat
6)introducing an explanation
⭕️please do not come over for dinner:I am not feeling well
7)introducing speech
⭕️she asked for help loudly over the speaker:”Is there a doctor on the plane?”
8)between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrate, paraphrases, or expands on the first sentence.
⭕️The family planted the tree: it was a beautiful new addition to the yard.
Semicolon(;)
1)similar to a colon, a semicolon likes two independent clauses.However, in this case, the clauses are more closely related than when you would use a colon.Both clauses are independent enough to be their sentences, but instead of using a period, it’s possible to use a semicolon to show both clauses are connected.
⭕️I have a meeting tomorrow morning; I can’t go out tonight
2) Is within a list that uses commas
⭕️Last summer we traveled to London, England;Paris, France;Rome, Italy; And Athens, Greece.
3)when you are linking two independent clauses with no connecting words
⭕️Sally and I are going to the beach; we are going to surf and play volleyball.
4)when you are linking two independent clauses that are joined, but one has a conductive adverb in front of it. Examples of conductive adverbs are therefore, however, undoubtedly and consequently
*however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover,furthermore
* میشه به جای ; از . هم استفاده کرد
⭕️It will be very sunny and hot at the beach today ; therefore, Sally is bringing an umbrella, and I am bringing sunblock
5)when you are listing or writing a series and the items have a comma.
⭕️Sally will bring two books, Siddhartha and On writing; two sodas, Coke and Sprite; and a sandwich.
6) when linking two independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction if the clauses are already punctuated with commas or if the clauses are lengthy.
⭕️Some people go to the beach to tan, read, and take long walks; yet, others go to play in the sand, ride the waves, and see friends.
Dash (-)
1) En dash: Typically shorter in length, the en dash is used to denote a range, such as between numbers or dates
⭕️The company was operational from 1990-2000
2)Em dash: this dad is longer, and is sometimes used instead of other punctuation marks, like commas, colons, or parenthese.
⭕️Her answer was clear— Yes!
Hyphen(_)
1)Not to be confused with a dash, a hyphen is used in compound words when two or more words are connected
⭕️Step-by-step/Mother-in-law/Ex-boyfriend
Brackets([])
1)to clarify something or for technical terms or explanations
⭕️She[Mrs. Smit] agrees that cats are better than dogs
2) It can be used to clarify a subject when quoting another person or text
⭕️Adam said that”[summer] is my favorite time of year.”
Braces({})
1) It’s unlikely you’ll need to use braces very often unless you’re writing a mathematical or technical text. However, it’s still good to know so you don’t accidentally use them instead of brackets or parenthese.Braces are usually used in operations
⭕️6{3x+[28+2]}=xy
Parentheses(())
1) are used to apply further details or information or as an side. Parentheses can often be replaced with commas and the sentence would retain its same meaning.
* میشه این اطلاعات اضافی رو بین دو تا ، هم قرار داد
⭕️Kate (who is Matt’s wife) likes to go for walks.
Apostrophe(’)
1)to show that a letter or letters have been omitted.
⭕️I’ve been working from home for 6 months and it’s great.
2)to indicate the possessive or contractions.(1950’s)
⭕️Rebeccas’s dog had surgery yesterday
3)to pluralize lowercase letters.
⭕️All that’s left to do is dot the i’s and cross the t’s.
Quotation Mark(‘’)
1)are used to denote text,speech, or words spoken by someone else. It is also used to indicate dialogue
⭕️”I don’t like this,” said Mark
2)single quotation marks(‘ ‘), not to be confused with apostrophes, are often used for a quote within a quote
⭕️Jill told her mother “Jack ran up the hill and he said he was going to” fetch a pail of water’ before he fell.”
Ellipsis(…)
1)An ellipsis is three periods used together to represent an omission of words or letters
They are often used to jump from one sentence or phrase to another while omitting unnecessary or obvious words. It’s also used when quoting someone and unnecessary words are left out.
⭕️At midnight, she began to count down:”ten,nine,eight…” and then the ball dropped
—————–
1)commas in a series
⭕️Kathy, Mary, and Sue went to the market
2)introductory Phrases(commas can be used with an introductory phrase to set it off from the rest of the sentence).
*وقتی میخوام یه توضیحی بدم
⭕️in some cases, chemotherapy is not enough to combat cancer
3)Transitional words and phrases(To set off a transitional word or phrase in a sentence, whether at the beginning, the end, or the middle of a sentence)
⭕️however, she decided not to accept the job offer
4)commas with Apposituves(To set off an a positive from the rest of the sentence)
⭕️Birkin bags, a display of wealth, sell for thousands of dollars
5)Commas and Nonrestrictive clauses(to give extra information)
⭕️David Bowie, who passed in 2016,was an accomplished singer, songwriter, and actor.
6)commas in Dates and Addresses(To separate the day of the week(ex:Monday) from the month and the day of the month from the year.use a comma after the year if the date does not fall at the end of the sentence. Command are also used in addresses to separate the street address from the city and the city from the state or country)
⭕️He was born Thursday, May 8,1997./The famous Southern used to live at 248A Lewis Avenue, London, England.
—————–
Don’t use comma :
1)before the first item in series
2)after the last item in a series
3)between a subject and a verb
4)before a coordinating conjunction that seperates
5)before a dependent clause that follows an independent clause.
Comma(,)
are used to insert a pause into a sentence.the purpose of the pause can be for different reasons,such as to separate ideas,phrases,or even alter the structure of a sentence.
Commas have a few different uses:
1-for a direct address
⭕️Joe, it was nice to see you again
2-to separate tow complete sentences
⭕️He wanted to the library, and then he went out for lunch
3-to list items in a sentence
⭕️She went shopping and bought shoes,a dress,two shirts,and a pair of pants
4-to join two independent clauses with a comma instead of a conjunction
⭕️it’s Almost time for dinner,I’m not hungry.(it’s almost time for dinner and I’m not hungry)
5-when a final comma is placed on the last item of a list.
⭕️He likes to eat fruits,cake,vegetables,and pasta
Linking two independent clauses
When two independent clauses appear in one sentence, they can be hounded in one of many ways.
1) with a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as (for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so):fanboys
2)with a semicolon (or occasionally a colon or a dash)
* اصولا therefore,…. میگیره
3)Divide the two independent clauses into two sentences
*میتونی به همدیگه نچسبونیشون و با نقطه جدا کنی
4)consider restructuring the sentences,perhaps by subordinating one of the clauses
5)comma splices occur when the writer connects two independent clauses with a comma
⭕️chloe are her dog food, the brand was Pedigree.
*the two subjects, dog food and brand, are connected by an unneeded comma.if a coordinating conjunction were used after the comma, the sentence would be correct
1)chole are her dog food, and the brand was Pedigree.(Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction.)
2)chole are her dog food;Pedigree was the brand(Use a semicolon)
3)chole ate her dog food. The kind she ate was Pedigree.(Divide the sentence into two complete sentences)
4)The kind of dog food hole are was Pedigree.(Reconstructure the sentence)
