Pumps Class Flashcards
- Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, as opposed to a fog or spray stream; a _______ stream is produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream.
Solid fire stream
p 194
Solid stream nozzles are designed so that the volume of the water flowing through the nozzle is gradually __________ until just before the orifice.
reduced
p 194
The _________ ____________ and _______ of the discharge orifice determine the flow and reach of a solid stream.
nozzle pressure and size
p 194
Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of _____ psi nozzle pressure, while master stream appliances should be operated at a maximum _____ psi.
50 psi / 80 psi
p 194
What is the formula for (customary) discharge rate on a solid stream nozzle?
GPM = 29.7 * d^2 * ✔️NP
GPM = Discharge in gallons per minute 29.7 = A constant d = Diameter of the orifice in inches NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 195
- Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control
Fog Stream
p 196
A fog stream may be produced by _____________ at the periphery, by ____________ jets of water, or a combination of these methods.
deflection / impinging
p 196
The reach of the fog stream is directly related to its _______, the size of the _______ ________, the _______ and the __________ of water flowing.
width / water particles / wind / volume
p 196
What are three fog nozzle patterns?
Straight stream
Narrow fog - 15 to 45 degree
Wide fog - 45 to 80 degree
p 196
A ___________ flow fog nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure.
Constant flow nozzle
p 197
Most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at a nozzle pressure of _____ psi. However, some nozzles may operate at ____ or ____ psi.
100 psi / 50 or 75 psi
p 197
Fog nozzles designed for adjustable gallonage settings are called?
Selectable Gallonage Nozzles
p 197
____________ fog nozzles are a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure.
Automatic fog nozzles
p 198
Operating at a pressure of up to 800 psi, ______ __________ fog nozzles produce a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery.
high pressure fog nozzles
p 199
Nozzles for use on handlines may be ________, ______, or _________ stream design, ranging in size from a ____ inch “booster” nozzle to a nozzle suitable for a ____ inch diameter hoseline.
solid, fog, or broken / 3/4 / 3
p 199
Generally, ______ gpm is the maximum flow for a handline.
350 gpm
p 199
Master stream nozzles are capable of water flow in excess of ______ gpm and must be properly __________ for safe operation.
350 gpm / secured
p 199
Master Stream Nozzles:
Smooth bore streams are generally operated at _____ psi nozzle pressure, while fog appliances are generally operated at _____ psi.
80 psi / 100 psi
p 199
The fire service operates three types of nozzles to produce three basic fire streams: ?
solid, fog, and broken stream
p 193
The three basic types of master stream appliances are ________, ______________, and ___________.
fixed, combination, and portable
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- Commonly called deck guns and permanently mounted on the apparatus.
Fixed monitors
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- May be used in a mount on the apparatus or removed and used remotely from the vehicle; often have flow limitations when they are removed from the apparatus and placed on the ground.
Combination monitors
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- Stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they are to be used.
Portable monitors
p 200
An ___________ master stream may be pre-plumbed and permanently attached to an aerial ladder, platform, or other aerial device.
elevated
p 200
_________ nozzles ( some varieties are referred to as distributors) are most often lowered through holes or other openings to the cellar of an occupancy.
Cellar nozzles
p 200
- Nozzle with an angled, case-hardened steel tip that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire.
Piercing Nozzle
p 201
The piercing nozzle is generally designed as ____ to ____ foot hollow steel rod _____ inches in diameter.
3 to 6 foot / 1 1/2 inches
p 201
Flowing only _____ to _____ gpm at a nozzle pressure of 100 psi, the impinging holes of the chimney nozzle produce a very fine mist which turns to steam in the hot interior of the chimney flue.
1.5 to 3 gpm
p 201-202
- Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.
Nozzle Reaction
p 202
Most fog nozzles are designed to operate at or below _____ psi nozzle pressure.
100 psi
p 202
In most cases, solid stream nozzles for handline use should operate at ______ psi nozzle pressure.
50 psi
p 202
Generally for fixed master stream appliances, a nozzle pressure of _____ psi is required.
80 psi
p 202
What is the customary formula for nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzles?
NR = 1.57 * d^2 * NP
NR = Nozzle Reaction in pounds 1.57 = A Constant d = Nozzle diameter in inches NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 203
A simple guideline for the Customary system of measurement for approximate solid stream nozzle reaction is ?
NR = Q/3
Q equals the total flow of water in gpm flowing through the nozzle
p 203
What is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for fog stream nozzles?
NR = 0.0505 * Q * ✔️NP NR = nozzle reaction in pounds 0.0505 = A constant Q = Total flow through the nozzle in gallons per minute (gpm) NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 204
Many selectable gallonage nozzles are designed to flow the gallonage indicated at _____ psi nozzle pressure.
100 psi
p 197-198
If the gallonage supplied to the nozzle changes, the ____________ nozzle adjusts to maintain virtually the same pressure and consistency of pattern.
automatic
p 198
The ability of an automatic fog nozzle is made possible by a _______-__________ device in the nozzle that constricts or expands the space between the baffle and the interior throat of the nozzle depending on water pressure.
spring-activated
p 198
Which nozzles are best suited for wildland fires and are not recommended for structural fire fighting due to their low water flow of only 8 to 15 gpm?
High pressure fog nozzles
p 199
What nozzles are commonly used in aircraft fire fighting, car fires, or to apply water to voids, attics, or other areas inaccessible to standard fire streams?
Piercing Nozzles also called penetrating nozzles
p 201
Piercing Nozzles
An impinging jet nozzle capable of flowing approximately _____ gpm at ______ psi is part of the hardened tip.
125 gpm / 100 psi
p 201
The two basic pressurized water supply sources that a driver/operator will encounter are a ?
fire hydrant or supply hose from another pumper
p 339
Pumping at a low residual pressure (below _____ psi) while being supplied by other apparatus is dangerous. This may cause the supply hose to __________, interrupting the supply of water. It may also lead to cavitation of the pump.
20 psi / collapse
p 339
Driver/Operators should maintain a residual pressure of at least ______ psi on their master intake gauge at all times during pumping operations.
20 psi
p 340
The initial water source is often the apparatus ________ _______.
water tank
p 337
Typically the least desirable hydrants are those located on “________ ______ ________” that are served by smaller mains from only one direction.
“dead end mains”
p 340
- Water main that is not looped and in which water can flow in only one direction.
Dead End Mains
p 340
One of the most common ways for a pumper to be supplied with water from a hydrant is by making a ?
forward hose lay
p 341
- Method of laying hose from the water supply to the fire scene.
Forward Lay
p 341
- Method of laying hose from the fire scene to the water supply.
Reverse Lay
p 344
Load hose with a _________ coupling to come out of the bed first when using hose with threaded couplings for a reverse lay.
male
p 344
Use double _________ adapters at the hydrant and double ________ adapters at the pump panel to execute a reverse lay using hose with threaded couplings if the hose bed has been set up for a forward lay.
female / male
p 344
Executing a reverse lay is a common method for setting up a water supply operation or relay pumping using __________ diameter hose as a supply line.
medium
p 344
With medium diameter hose, it is necessary to position a pumper at the ___________ to supplement the pressure to the supply hose.
hydrant
p 344
The reverse lay is the most direct method of supplementing _____________ ____________ or performing ____________ _____________.
hydrant pressure or performing drafting operations
p 344
- 2 1/2 or 3 inch hose used for both fire fighting attack and relay supply purposes.
Medium Diameter Hose (MDH)
p 344
- (1) Pumper that is positioned at the fire scene and is directly supplying attack lines. (2) Light truck equipped with a small pump and water tank. Also know as Midi-pumper or Mini-pumper.
Attack Pumper
p 344
- Pumper that takes water from a source and sends it to attack pumpers operating at the fire scene.
Water Supply Pumper
p 344
If water is allowed to enter the tank _________ _____________, the venting may not be adequate to allow the pressure to dissipate, resulting in damage to the tank.
under pressure
p 345
Regardless of whether a particular apparatus is equipped with a check valve in the tank to pump line or a shutoff valve on the intake, the driver/operator should close the tank to pump valve after transitioning to an ?
external water supply
p 345
When the pump is full of water and the pressure in the system has stabilized with no water flowing, a reading of the pressure on the master intake gauge indicates the ___________ _____________ in the water supply system. The reading is important for estimating the remaining _________ of the hydrant as the water begins to move.
static pressure / capacity
p 346
Pumps supplying a relay operation or master stream are usually used to supply large amounts of water, requiring the use of a ____________ (___________) setting of the transfer valve.
parallel (volume)
p 346
Open all valves slowly, especially when using ________ ____________ hose. The hose must be __________ before pressure can be established.
large diameter / filled
p 346
While observing the master intake and discharge gauges, the D/O should increase the engine ______. If the master intake gauge drops below _____ psi, the throttle must not be ____________ any further because the pump may begin to cavitate.
rpm / 20 psi / increased
p 346
Several methods for preventing overheating are as follows:
- Establish a continuous minimum _______ during intermittent use of water in fireground operations to keep the pump from overheating.
- Pull a length of ___________ line or other _________ ___________ line off the reel and fasten it to a sturdy object.
- Open the valve that supplies the booster reel and ___________ __________ in a direction that will not interfere with the operation or damage to other property. The booster line may also be directed back into the ________ to circulate water continuously.m
- flow
- booster / small diameter
- discharge water / tank
p 347
During prolonged pumping operations, a bypass circulator may not provide sufficient cooling under some conditions and additional measures will be required to avoid overheating.
- Open a ____________ _________ valve.
- Partially open the ______-______ valve or ______-___-_______ line. Even if the water tank becomes full and _____________ through the tank vent, this result is preferable to the pump overheating.
- discharge drain
- tank-fill / tank-to-pump / overflows
p 347
When a pumper is connected to a hydrant and is not discharging water, the pressure shown on the intake gauge is __________ pressure. When the pumper is discharging water, the intake gauge displays the ___________ pressure. The difference between the two pressures is used to determine how much more water the ___________ can supply.
static / residual / hydrant
p 347
Available Water from Hydrant Percent Method:
Percent Drop = ( _________ - ___________ )(100) / ___________
Percent Drop = (Static - Residual)(100) / Static
p 348
Available Water from Hydrant Percent Method:
If the percent is ____ or less, three additional lines with the same flow as the line being supplied may be added. For ____-____ percent, two lines may be added, and for ____-_____ percent one line. When the result is over _____ percent, more water may be available, but not as much as is flowing through the first line.
10 / 11-15 / 16-25 / 25
p 348
All fire department pumpers should be capable of pumping water from a _________ _________ supply source. In most cases, this source is located some distance below the level of the ?
static water / fire pump
p 352
It is not possible to ______ water into the pump. However, it is possible to evacuate some of the air inside the pump creating a ____________ ___________ (__________ __________), which allows atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water to force the water into the fire pump.
pull / pressure differential ( partial vacuum)
p 352
- Effect of altering the atmospheric pressure within a confined space by mechanical means. When air is exhausted from within the space, a low pressure environment is created and replacement air will be drawn in; when air is blown into the space, a high-pressure environment is created and air within will to the outside.
Pressure Differential
p 352
In order to create a pressure differential ( partial vacuum ), an airtight, ______________ waterway ( _______ __________ hose ) must be used between the fire pump and the static water source.
noncollapsible / hard intake
p 352
Drafting Operations
A hose with smaller diameter and greater length has __________ friction loss, which allows ________ water at the pump.
higher / less
p 352
Most pumps are able to develop a vacuum capacity of approximately _____ inches of mercury.
22 inches
p 354
In theory, cavitation can be described as water being ?
discharged faster than it is coming into the pump.
p 354
Cavitation occurs when _____ _________ are created in the pump or __________ pass through the pump.
air cavities / bubbles
p 354
The first consideration in establishing a drafting operation is _________ _______________.
site selection
p 354
The most important factor in choosing the draft site is the ?
amount of water available
p 355
In order for a pumper to approach it’s rated capacity using a traditional strainer, there must be at least _____ inches of water over the strainer.
24 inches
p 355
When using a portable tank or swimming pool for drafting operations a _____-_______ strainer is the appliance of choice.
low-level strainer
p 356
What type of strainers are designed to sit directly on the bottom of a tank or pool and allow water to be effectively drafted down to a depth of approximately 2 inches?
low-level strainers
p 356
Water temperature will also affect drafting operations. Water below ____F or above ____F may adversely impact the ability of the pump to reach capacity.
35F / 90F
p 356
- Water that has not been examined, properly treated, and not approved by appropriate authorities as being safe for consumption.
Nonpotable Water
p 356
All fire pumps meeting NFPA and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. requirements are rated to pump their capacity at _____ feet of lift. If the lift is less, the capacity of the pump is ________; if the lift is greater the capacity _________.
10 feet / higher / decreases
p 357
A pumper in good working order can lift water a maximum of _____ feet. However all available atmospheric pressure is required to overcome this lift. As a result, the remaining capacity of the pump is of little value for ?
25 feet / fire suppression
p 357
To create an effective fire stream, a lift of no greater than _____ feet is recommended. Working with this lift, the pump operates at about ____ percent of its rated capacity.
20 feet / 60 percent
p 357
When selecting a site for drafting, the lift must be kept as ?
It is more desirable to lay out an extra 100 feet of ________ _____ to set up at a draft location where the lift will be lower and more water supplied.
low as possible / supply line
p 357
When the pump has been made operational, __________ the pump will begin the drafting operation.
priming
p 358
Drafting:
For two stage pumps, the transfer valve must be in the ___________ position.
parallel ( volume )
p 358
Drafting:
A pump in _________ position may trap air that will need to be removed.
series (pressure)
p 358
If the primer is a __________ _____________ pump that is driven by a transfer case, set the engine rpm according to the manufacturers instructions. Most priming pumps are intended to work most effectively when the engine is set at a rate between ________ and ________ rpm.
positive displacement / 1000 and 1200 rpm
p 359
Drafting:
As the air is evacuated from the pump the master intake gauge will register a vacuum reading. This reading should equal ___ ______ of mercury for ___ ______ of lift required.
1 inch / 1 foot
p 359
Drafting:
As the primer operates, the vacuum reading should ___________ as atmospheric pressure forces water into the intake hose.
increase
p 359
Drafting:
The entire priming action typically requires _____ to _____ seconds from start to finish. However, when up to 20 feet of intake hose is lifting a maximum of 10 vertical feet, it may take as long as ____ seconds.
10 to 15 seconds / 30 seconds
p 359
Drafting:
The most common inability to prime is an ______ ________ that prevents the primer from developing enough vacuum to successfully draft water.
air leak
p 359
Drafting:
The most common cause of an air leak is an ?
open drain or valve
p 359
Drafting:
After successfully priming the pump, the __________ setting should be slowly increased before attempting to open any discharges.
throttle
p 360
After priming:
Open the desired discharge valve slowly while observing the discharge pressure. If the pressure drops below ______ psi, pause for a brief time to allow it to stabilize before opening the valve further.
50 psi
p 360
Constant movement of water through the pump is required to prevent ______________. This flow is also important to maintain the __________ that the primer has established in the pump.
overheating / vacuum
p 360
Drafting after priming:
Without moving water, even a very small air leak may result in a loss of __________.
vacuum
p 360
Several types of problems may occur during drafting operations. They fall into the following general categories:
- Air leak on the _________ side of the pump
- _______________ allowing air to enter the pump
- Air leakage due to defective _______ packing
- intake
- whirlpool
- pump
p 360-361
Drafting:
While the pump is operating, a gradual increase in the vacuum may be noted with no change in the flow rate. This is an indication that a ____________ is developing.
blockage
p 361
Drafting:
The most common place for a blockage to occur is in the ____________.
strainer
p 361
Supporting Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
If no specific information is available, the general guideline is to discharge ______ psi into the FDC.
150 psi
p 363
- Wet or dry system of pipes in a large single story or multistory building, with fire hose outlets installed in different areas or on different levels of a building to used by firefighters and/or building occupants. Allows for the quick deployment of hoselines during fire fighting operations.
Standpipe System
p 364
True or False:
Standpipe systems
Both wet and dry systems should be supplied by a fire department pumper to supplement the system’s water supply.
True
p 364
Add approximately ____ psi for each floor above the fire department connection that will have operating fire streams.
5 psi
p 365
Do not use pump discharge pressure in excess of _____ psi unless the standpipe system, hose, and appliances have been designed to function under high pressures.
185 psi
p 365
When a standpipe system is known to be equipped with ____________-__________ valves, the elevation pressure used must be based on the total height of the standpipe or zone being used.
pressure-reducing
p 365
- Valve installed at standpipe connection that is designed to reduce the amount of water pressure at that discharge to a specific pressure, usually 100 psi.
Pressure-Reducing Valve
p 365
Making a fire pump operational, commonly referred to as “ putting the pump into gear “ begins after the apparatus is properly __________ and the ________ _______ has been set.
positioned / parking brake
p 336
Most apparatus are designed so that the procedure for making the pump operational is performed entirely from the ?
cab of the vehicle
p 336
Water supply from the _________ water tank is the sole source of supply for many incidents.
onboard
p 336
The ______ ______ line may also be used to circulate water through the onboard tank in order to maintain cooling.
tank fill
p 338
In order to prevent overheating of the pump, a means of moving ?
water through the pump must be implemented
p 337-338
