Pumps Class Flashcards
- Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, as opposed to a fog or spray stream; a _______ stream is produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream.
Solid fire stream
p 194
Solid stream nozzles are designed so that the volume of the water flowing through the nozzle is gradually __________ until just before the orifice.
reduced
p 194
The _________ ____________ and _______ of the discharge orifice determine the flow and reach of a solid stream.
nozzle pressure and size
p 194
Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of _____ psi nozzle pressure, while master stream appliances should be operated at a maximum _____ psi.
50 psi / 80 psi
p 194
What is the formula for (customary) discharge rate on a solid stream nozzle?
GPM = 29.7 * d^2 * ✔️NP
GPM = Discharge in gallons per minute 29.7 = A constant d = Diameter of the orifice in inches NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 195
- Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control
Fog Stream
p 196
A fog stream may be produced by _____________ at the periphery, by ____________ jets of water, or a combination of these methods.
deflection / impinging
p 196
The reach of the fog stream is directly related to its _______, the size of the _______ ________, the _______ and the __________ of water flowing.
width / water particles / wind / volume
p 196
What are three fog nozzle patterns?
Straight stream
Narrow fog - 15 to 45 degree
Wide fog - 45 to 80 degree
p 196
A ___________ flow fog nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure.
Constant flow nozzle
p 197
Most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at a nozzle pressure of _____ psi. However, some nozzles may operate at ____ or ____ psi.
100 psi / 50 or 75 psi
p 197
Fog nozzles designed for adjustable gallonage settings are called?
Selectable Gallonage Nozzles
p 197
____________ fog nozzles are a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure.
Automatic fog nozzles
p 198
Operating at a pressure of up to 800 psi, ______ __________ fog nozzles produce a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery.
high pressure fog nozzles
p 199
Nozzles for use on handlines may be ________, ______, or _________ stream design, ranging in size from a ____ inch “booster” nozzle to a nozzle suitable for a ____ inch diameter hoseline.
solid, fog, or broken / 3/4 / 3
p 199
Generally, ______ gpm is the maximum flow for a handline.
350 gpm
p 199
Master stream nozzles are capable of water flow in excess of ______ gpm and must be properly __________ for safe operation.
350 gpm / secured
p 199
Master Stream Nozzles:
Smooth bore streams are generally operated at _____ psi nozzle pressure, while fog appliances are generally operated at _____ psi.
80 psi / 100 psi
p 199
The fire service operates three types of nozzles to produce three basic fire streams: ?
solid, fog, and broken stream
p 193
The three basic types of master stream appliances are ________, ______________, and ___________.
fixed, combination, and portable
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- Commonly called deck guns and permanently mounted on the apparatus.
Fixed monitors
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- May be used in a mount on the apparatus or removed and used remotely from the vehicle; often have flow limitations when they are removed from the apparatus and placed on the ground.
Combination monitors
p 200
Master stream appliances:
- Stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they are to be used.
Portable monitors
p 200
An ___________ master stream may be pre-plumbed and permanently attached to an aerial ladder, platform, or other aerial device.
elevated
p 200
_________ nozzles ( some varieties are referred to as distributors) are most often lowered through holes or other openings to the cellar of an occupancy.
Cellar nozzles
p 200
- Nozzle with an angled, case-hardened steel tip that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire.
Piercing Nozzle
p 201
The piercing nozzle is generally designed as ____ to ____ foot hollow steel rod _____ inches in diameter.
3 to 6 foot / 1 1/2 inches
p 201
Flowing only _____ to _____ gpm at a nozzle pressure of 100 psi, the impinging holes of the chimney nozzle produce a very fine mist which turns to steam in the hot interior of the chimney flue.
1.5 to 3 gpm
p 201-202
- Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.
Nozzle Reaction
p 202
Most fog nozzles are designed to operate at or below _____ psi nozzle pressure.
100 psi
p 202
In most cases, solid stream nozzles for handline use should operate at ______ psi nozzle pressure.
50 psi
p 202
Generally for fixed master stream appliances, a nozzle pressure of _____ psi is required.
80 psi
p 202
What is the customary formula for nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzles?
NR = 1.57 * d^2 * NP
NR = Nozzle Reaction in pounds 1.57 = A Constant d = Nozzle diameter in inches NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 203
A simple guideline for the Customary system of measurement for approximate solid stream nozzle reaction is ?
NR = Q/3
Q equals the total flow of water in gpm flowing through the nozzle
p 203
What is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for fog stream nozzles?
NR = 0.0505 * Q * ✔️NP NR = nozzle reaction in pounds 0.0505 = A constant Q = Total flow through the nozzle in gallons per minute (gpm) NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
p 204
Many selectable gallonage nozzles are designed to flow the gallonage indicated at _____ psi nozzle pressure.
100 psi
p 197-198
If the gallonage supplied to the nozzle changes, the ____________ nozzle adjusts to maintain virtually the same pressure and consistency of pattern.
automatic
p 198
The ability of an automatic fog nozzle is made possible by a _______-__________ device in the nozzle that constricts or expands the space between the baffle and the interior throat of the nozzle depending on water pressure.
spring-activated
p 198
Which nozzles are best suited for wildland fires and are not recommended for structural fire fighting due to their low water flow of only 8 to 15 gpm?
High pressure fog nozzles
p 199
What nozzles are commonly used in aircraft fire fighting, car fires, or to apply water to voids, attics, or other areas inaccessible to standard fire streams?
Piercing Nozzles also called penetrating nozzles
p 201
Piercing Nozzles
An impinging jet nozzle capable of flowing approximately _____ gpm at ______ psi is part of the hardened tip.
125 gpm / 100 psi
p 201
The two basic pressurized water supply sources that a driver/operator will encounter are a ?
fire hydrant or supply hose from another pumper
p 339
Pumping at a low residual pressure (below _____ psi) while being supplied by other apparatus is dangerous. This may cause the supply hose to __________, interrupting the supply of water. It may also lead to cavitation of the pump.
20 psi / collapse
p 339
Driver/Operators should maintain a residual pressure of at least ______ psi on their master intake gauge at all times during pumping operations.
20 psi
p 340
The initial water source is often the apparatus ________ _______.
water tank
p 337
Typically the least desirable hydrants are those located on “________ ______ ________” that are served by smaller mains from only one direction.
“dead end mains”
p 340
- Water main that is not looped and in which water can flow in only one direction.
Dead End Mains
p 340
One of the most common ways for a pumper to be supplied with water from a hydrant is by making a ?
forward hose lay
p 341
- Method of laying hose from the water supply to the fire scene.
Forward Lay
p 341
- Method of laying hose from the fire scene to the water supply.
Reverse Lay
p 344
Load hose with a _________ coupling to come out of the bed first when using hose with threaded couplings for a reverse lay.
male
p 344
Use double _________ adapters at the hydrant and double ________ adapters at the pump panel to execute a reverse lay using hose with threaded couplings if the hose bed has been set up for a forward lay.
female / male
p 344
Executing a reverse lay is a common method for setting up a water supply operation or relay pumping using __________ diameter hose as a supply line.
medium
p 344
With medium diameter hose, it is necessary to position a pumper at the ___________ to supplement the pressure to the supply hose.
hydrant
p 344
The reverse lay is the most direct method of supplementing _____________ ____________ or performing ____________ _____________.
hydrant pressure or performing drafting operations
p 344
- 2 1/2 or 3 inch hose used for both fire fighting attack and relay supply purposes.
Medium Diameter Hose (MDH)
p 344
- (1) Pumper that is positioned at the fire scene and is directly supplying attack lines. (2) Light truck equipped with a small pump and water tank. Also know as Midi-pumper or Mini-pumper.
Attack Pumper
p 344
- Pumper that takes water from a source and sends it to attack pumpers operating at the fire scene.
Water Supply Pumper
p 344
If water is allowed to enter the tank _________ _____________, the venting may not be adequate to allow the pressure to dissipate, resulting in damage to the tank.
under pressure
p 345
Regardless of whether a particular apparatus is equipped with a check valve in the tank to pump line or a shutoff valve on the intake, the driver/operator should close the tank to pump valve after transitioning to an ?
external water supply
p 345
When the pump is full of water and the pressure in the system has stabilized with no water flowing, a reading of the pressure on the master intake gauge indicates the ___________ _____________ in the water supply system. The reading is important for estimating the remaining _________ of the hydrant as the water begins to move.
static pressure / capacity
p 346
Pumps supplying a relay operation or master stream are usually used to supply large amounts of water, requiring the use of a ____________ (___________) setting of the transfer valve.
parallel (volume)
p 346
Open all valves slowly, especially when using ________ ____________ hose. The hose must be __________ before pressure can be established.
large diameter / filled
p 346
While observing the master intake and discharge gauges, the D/O should increase the engine ______. If the master intake gauge drops below _____ psi, the throttle must not be ____________ any further because the pump may begin to cavitate.
rpm / 20 psi / increased
p 346
Several methods for preventing overheating are as follows:
- Establish a continuous minimum _______ during intermittent use of water in fireground operations to keep the pump from overheating.
- Pull a length of ___________ line or other _________ ___________ line off the reel and fasten it to a sturdy object.
- Open the valve that supplies the booster reel and ___________ __________ in a direction that will not interfere with the operation or damage to other property. The booster line may also be directed back into the ________ to circulate water continuously.m
- flow
- booster / small diameter
- discharge water / tank
p 347
During prolonged pumping operations, a bypass circulator may not provide sufficient cooling under some conditions and additional measures will be required to avoid overheating.
- Open a ____________ _________ valve.
- Partially open the ______-______ valve or ______-___-_______ line. Even if the water tank becomes full and _____________ through the tank vent, this result is preferable to the pump overheating.
- discharge drain
- tank-fill / tank-to-pump / overflows
p 347
When a pumper is connected to a hydrant and is not discharging water, the pressure shown on the intake gauge is __________ pressure. When the pumper is discharging water, the intake gauge displays the ___________ pressure. The difference between the two pressures is used to determine how much more water the ___________ can supply.
static / residual / hydrant
p 347
Available Water from Hydrant Percent Method:
Percent Drop = ( _________ - ___________ )(100) / ___________
Percent Drop = (Static - Residual)(100) / Static
p 348
Available Water from Hydrant Percent Method:
If the percent is ____ or less, three additional lines with the same flow as the line being supplied may be added. For ____-____ percent, two lines may be added, and for ____-_____ percent one line. When the result is over _____ percent, more water may be available, but not as much as is flowing through the first line.
10 / 11-15 / 16-25 / 25
p 348
All fire department pumpers should be capable of pumping water from a _________ _________ supply source. In most cases, this source is located some distance below the level of the ?
static water / fire pump
p 352
It is not possible to ______ water into the pump. However, it is possible to evacuate some of the air inside the pump creating a ____________ ___________ (__________ __________), which allows atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water to force the water into the fire pump.
pull / pressure differential ( partial vacuum)
p 352
- Effect of altering the atmospheric pressure within a confined space by mechanical means. When air is exhausted from within the space, a low pressure environment is created and replacement air will be drawn in; when air is blown into the space, a high-pressure environment is created and air within will to the outside.
Pressure Differential
p 352
In order to create a pressure differential ( partial vacuum ), an airtight, ______________ waterway ( _______ __________ hose ) must be used between the fire pump and the static water source.
noncollapsible / hard intake
p 352
Drafting Operations
A hose with smaller diameter and greater length has __________ friction loss, which allows ________ water at the pump.
higher / less
p 352
Most pumps are able to develop a vacuum capacity of approximately _____ inches of mercury.
22 inches
p 354
In theory, cavitation can be described as water being ?
discharged faster than it is coming into the pump.
p 354
Cavitation occurs when _____ _________ are created in the pump or __________ pass through the pump.
air cavities / bubbles
p 354
The first consideration in establishing a drafting operation is _________ _______________.
site selection
p 354
The most important factor in choosing the draft site is the ?
amount of water available
p 355
In order for a pumper to approach it’s rated capacity using a traditional strainer, there must be at least _____ inches of water over the strainer.
24 inches
p 355
When using a portable tank or swimming pool for drafting operations a _____-_______ strainer is the appliance of choice.
low-level strainer
p 356
What type of strainers are designed to sit directly on the bottom of a tank or pool and allow water to be effectively drafted down to a depth of approximately 2 inches?
low-level strainers
p 356
Water temperature will also affect drafting operations. Water below ____F or above ____F may adversely impact the ability of the pump to reach capacity.
35F / 90F
p 356
- Water that has not been examined, properly treated, and not approved by appropriate authorities as being safe for consumption.
Nonpotable Water
p 356
All fire pumps meeting NFPA and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. requirements are rated to pump their capacity at _____ feet of lift. If the lift is less, the capacity of the pump is ________; if the lift is greater the capacity _________.
10 feet / higher / decreases
p 357
A pumper in good working order can lift water a maximum of _____ feet. However all available atmospheric pressure is required to overcome this lift. As a result, the remaining capacity of the pump is of little value for ?
25 feet / fire suppression
p 357
To create an effective fire stream, a lift of no greater than _____ feet is recommended. Working with this lift, the pump operates at about ____ percent of its rated capacity.
20 feet / 60 percent
p 357
When selecting a site for drafting, the lift must be kept as ?
It is more desirable to lay out an extra 100 feet of ________ _____ to set up at a draft location where the lift will be lower and more water supplied.
low as possible / supply line
p 357
When the pump has been made operational, __________ the pump will begin the drafting operation.
priming
p 358
Drafting:
For two stage pumps, the transfer valve must be in the ___________ position.
parallel ( volume )
p 358
Drafting:
A pump in _________ position may trap air that will need to be removed.
series (pressure)
p 358
If the primer is a __________ _____________ pump that is driven by a transfer case, set the engine rpm according to the manufacturers instructions. Most priming pumps are intended to work most effectively when the engine is set at a rate between ________ and ________ rpm.
positive displacement / 1000 and 1200 rpm
p 359
Drafting:
As the air is evacuated from the pump the master intake gauge will register a vacuum reading. This reading should equal ___ ______ of mercury for ___ ______ of lift required.
1 inch / 1 foot
p 359
Drafting:
As the primer operates, the vacuum reading should ___________ as atmospheric pressure forces water into the intake hose.
increase
p 359
Drafting:
The entire priming action typically requires _____ to _____ seconds from start to finish. However, when up to 20 feet of intake hose is lifting a maximum of 10 vertical feet, it may take as long as ____ seconds.
10 to 15 seconds / 30 seconds
p 359
Drafting:
The most common inability to prime is an ______ ________ that prevents the primer from developing enough vacuum to successfully draft water.
air leak
p 359
Drafting:
The most common cause of an air leak is an ?
open drain or valve
p 359
Drafting:
After successfully priming the pump, the __________ setting should be slowly increased before attempting to open any discharges.
throttle
p 360
After priming:
Open the desired discharge valve slowly while observing the discharge pressure. If the pressure drops below ______ psi, pause for a brief time to allow it to stabilize before opening the valve further.
50 psi
p 360
Constant movement of water through the pump is required to prevent ______________. This flow is also important to maintain the __________ that the primer has established in the pump.
overheating / vacuum
p 360
Drafting after priming:
Without moving water, even a very small air leak may result in a loss of __________.
vacuum
p 360
Several types of problems may occur during drafting operations. They fall into the following general categories:
- Air leak on the _________ side of the pump
- _______________ allowing air to enter the pump
- Air leakage due to defective _______ packing
- intake
- whirlpool
- pump
p 360-361
Drafting:
While the pump is operating, a gradual increase in the vacuum may be noted with no change in the flow rate. This is an indication that a ____________ is developing.
blockage
p 361
Drafting:
The most common place for a blockage to occur is in the ____________.
strainer
p 361
Supporting Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
If no specific information is available, the general guideline is to discharge ______ psi into the FDC.
150 psi
p 363
- Wet or dry system of pipes in a large single story or multistory building, with fire hose outlets installed in different areas or on different levels of a building to used by firefighters and/or building occupants. Allows for the quick deployment of hoselines during fire fighting operations.
Standpipe System
p 364
True or False:
Standpipe systems
Both wet and dry systems should be supplied by a fire department pumper to supplement the system’s water supply.
True
p 364
Add approximately ____ psi for each floor above the fire department connection that will have operating fire streams.
5 psi
p 365
Do not use pump discharge pressure in excess of _____ psi unless the standpipe system, hose, and appliances have been designed to function under high pressures.
185 psi
p 365
When a standpipe system is known to be equipped with ____________-__________ valves, the elevation pressure used must be based on the total height of the standpipe or zone being used.
pressure-reducing
p 365
- Valve installed at standpipe connection that is designed to reduce the amount of water pressure at that discharge to a specific pressure, usually 100 psi.
Pressure-Reducing Valve
p 365
Making a fire pump operational, commonly referred to as “ putting the pump into gear “ begins after the apparatus is properly __________ and the ________ _______ has been set.
positioned / parking brake
p 336
Most apparatus are designed so that the procedure for making the pump operational is performed entirely from the ?
cab of the vehicle
p 336
Water supply from the _________ water tank is the sole source of supply for many incidents.
onboard
p 336
The ______ ______ line may also be used to circulate water through the onboard tank in order to maintain cooling.
tank fill
p 338
In order to prevent overheating of the pump, a means of moving ?
water through the pump must be implemented
p 337-338
If the ___________ ______ volume is increased too much, the ________ pressure from the supply source may be reduced to a point that may damage the pump or water supply system.
discharge flow / intake
p 339
Water supply systems must maintain a residual pressure of at least 20 psi within their mains for several reasons; _____________ from sources outside the main may occur if the pressure in the main drops too low. In addition overtaking the water system may cause __________ and ________ that has formed in older pipes to loosen, which in turn damage the piping or reduce the water flow.
contamination / sediment and debris
p 340
________ and ______ __________ needs may indicate that the closest hydrant to the fire may not be the most prudent choice.
Safety and fire fighting
p 340
These hydrants generally have higher amounts of sediment and deterioration, which further reduce their capacity ?
Dead end mains
p 340
One potential problem of the forward lay depends on the ?
distance from the hydrant to the fire
p 341
Some departments use a _____-_____ hydrant valve to aid the process of making a forward lay.
four-way
p 340
Attach gate valve(s) to unused hydrant discharges on _____ __________ hydrants.
dry barrel
p 342
Keep the distance as short as possible to avoid excess friction loss when using _____ inch or _____ inch hoselines to supply a pumper directly from hydrant pressure.
2 1/2 or 3 inch
p 344
This method is used when a driver/operator first reports to the incident location to size up the scene before laying a supply line ?
Reverse lay
p 344
Reverse lay
______________ needed for incident operation, including attack hose, must be removed and placed at the incident scene before the pumper can proceed to the water supply source. This may cause some _______ in beginning initial operations.
Equipment / delay
p 344
Making a reverse lay
A common two-pumper operation provides for an _______ pumper and a _______ ________ pumper.
attack / water supply
p 344
When completing a reverse lay, it is not necessary to use a _____-_____ hydrant valve.
four-way
p 344
Getting water into the pump
After connections to the hydrant are made, conduct several ________ before opening the hydrant. Close the tank to pump valve if the intake is not equipped with a __________ valve.
checks / shutoff
p 344
The D/O should record the ________ pressure reading before he or she begins to pump.
static
p 346
When operating a two-stage pump, the D/O must set the __________ valve to the proper position before increasing the throttle to build the required discharge pressure. The selection is based on the amount of _________ to be supplied.
transfer valve / water
p 346
If the master intake gauge reaches 20 psi, the _________ must not be increased further due to risk of cavitation.
throttle
p 346
The ability to overcome losses in pressure is limited to atmospheric pressure at ?
sea level ( 14.7 psi )
p 352
Cavitation during drafting operations
The high velocity of the water filling air cavities causes a severe _______ to the pump.
shock
p 354
The ____________ of the water, the height of the _____, and the amount of water being ___________ affect the point at which cavitation begins.
temperature / lift / discharged
p 354
The surest indication of cavitation may be a lack of reaction on the ___________ gauge to increases in the throttle.
pressure
p 354
When a pump reaches the point of cavitation it is __________ all of the water that the atmospheric pressure or pressurized source can force into the ________. When water is discharged from the pump faster than it can be taken in, increasing the pump rpm will not increase the __________ pressure.
discharging / intake / discharge
p 354
Although cavitation can occur when operating from a hydrant system, it often occurs during ?
drafting operations
p 354
Drafting
It is helpful to have at least ____ inches of water all around the strainer in order to avoid drawing foreign objects such as sand or gravel into the pump.
24 inches
p 355
A floating object placed above the strainer, even something as simple as a beach ball or capped plastic jug, may lessen the chances of ___________.
whirlpool
p 355
Although almost any type of water may be used for fire suppression, pumping __________ water may be harmful to the pump.
nonpotable ( untreated )
p 356
Each time nonpotable water is pumped through the apparatus, the pump and piping should be ?
thoroughly flushed with fresh water soon afterwards
p 356
_____________ to a water source is an important factor in selecting a drafting site.
Accessibility
p 357
Drafting
Once the sections of intake hose are connected to the strainer, it is usually easier to connect the hose to the intake fittings by first putting the strainer into the water, then placing the ?
apparatus into position
p 358
Drafting
Routing intake hose over a _____ ________, such as a fence or guard rail that is higher than the pump intake, may trap air in the hose.
high point
p 358
Drafting
If the bottom slopes steeply from the water’s edge, place a _____ _______ in the water and lay the intake hose on it.
roof ladder
p 358
If the apparatus is a _______-type primer, the engine rpm should be kept as low as possible without causing the engine to stall.
vacuum
p 359
Drafting
The vacuum is measured from the surface of the _______ to the eye of the pump’s _________.
water / impeller
p 359
Drafting
The priming action should not be halted until all _____ has been removed and a steady stream of ________ is discharged.
air / water
p 359
Drafting after priming
Increasing the throttle setting is required to raise the pressure to between ____ and _____ psi.
50 and 100 psi
p 360
Drafting after priming
If the pressure continues to drop, momentarily operating the ________ may eliminate any small pockets of air still trapped in the pump and restore the pressure to its point.
primer
p 360
Operating the pump from draft
Any deviation from the normal engine ___________ is a sign that another pumper may need to be brought in to continue the drafting operation.
temperature
p 360
What is the most common source of problems while operating at draft?
Air leak on the intake side of the pump
p 360
Properly installed and maintained ______ _________ have a proven history of providing reliable protection to many types of occupancies.
fire sprinklers
p 362
Supporting automatic sprinkler systems
The FDC connection may consist of a Siamese with at least two 2 1/2 inch __________ connections connected to a clapper inlet or one large diameter _________ connection.
female / sexless
p 363
Supporting automatic sprinkler systems
Multistage pumps should be operated in __________ position.
parallel ( volume )
p 363
___________ systems allow for quicker access to water supply for attack hoselines in multi-floor or single floor buildings with large floor areas.
Standpipe
p 364
Supporting standpipe systems
An aerial device may be used to create an ________ __________ by employing it’s pre-piped water way or running hose up an aerial ladder.
external standpipe
p 366
An external standpipe may also be created by hoisting up or rolling ______ down the outside of a building, securing it inside every two or three floors.
hose
p 366
Troubleshooting
Immediately upon any indication that water supply or pumping ability may be unattainable or interrupted, you must notify ?
the officer or Incident Commander
p 366
- Mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing and provides a readout in units of gallons per minute or (liters per minute).
Flowmeter
p 281
The ___________ relieves you from relying on calculations based on the friction loss, elevation pressure, and length of hoseline.
flowmeter
p 282
Based on NFPA _______ standard, for every discharge outlet equipped with a flowmeter, a pressure gauge shall also be provided. These flowmeters must display flow in increments of _____ gpm or less.
NFPA 1901 / 10gpm
p 282
Several designs of flowmeters are available that operate by different principles. The two most common to the fire service are:
- _____________
- ________ ______
- Paddlewheel
- Spring probe
p 282
Flowmeters:
This type is mounted at the top of a straight section of the discharge pipe so that only a small portion of the device extends into the waterway?
Paddlewheel
p 282
Flowmeters:
This type employs a stainless steel spring probe to detect water movement in the discharge piping?
Spring probe
p 282
With proper calibration, a flowmeter in good working order should be accurate to a tolerance of plus or minus _____ percent. In other words, based on flow of 100 gpm, the display should be no more than ____ gallons higher or lower than the actual discharge.
3 percent / 3 gallons
p 282
Each discharge equipped with a flowmeter must have a digital readout display mount within _____ inches of the control valve for that discharge.
6 inches
p 282
If a pressure gauge is mounted at the _____ inch location, then the flowmeter must be mounted within ____ inches adjacent to the pressure gauge.
6 inch / 2 inches
p 282
Relay pumping:
Apparatus equipped with electronic pressure governors involved in relay pumping, with the exception of the attack pumper, should operate in ?
revolutions per minute (rpm)
p 283
___________ reduce the number of pressure calculations required of the driver/operator.
Flow meters
p 281-282
Standpipe Operations:
When a line is shut down, lower the pressure accordingly or the standpipe system will attempt to flow the ?
excess through the remaining hoselines
p 283
Apparatus equipped with electronic pressure governors set in _______ mode should compensate for this shutdown. A pressure governor in the ______ mode will not automatically compensate for the reduced flow.
psi / rpm
p 283-284
The driver/operator can use a _____________ _____________ to determine the pump discharge pressure required for virtually any hose layout without relying on mental calculations.
hydraulic calculator
p 284
Hydraulic calculators can be either __________ or ____________.
manual or electronic
p 284
- Charts carried on a fire apparatus to aid the pump operator in determining the proper pump discharge pressure when supplying hoselines.
Pump Charts
p 284
The ____________ ____ formula may be used for operations in which the friction loss can be determined for 3-,4-, or 5- inch hose.
Condensed Q
p 287
What is the Condensed Q formula for 3-inch hose?
FL = Q^2
FL = Friction loss in psi for 100 feet of 3 inch
Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gallons per minute (gpm/100)
p 287
What is the Condensed Q formula for 4-inch hose?
FL = Q^2 / 5
FL = Friction loss in psi for 100 feet of 4 inch
Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gallons per minute (gpm/100)
p 287
What is the Condensed Q formula for 5-inch hose?
FL = Q^2 / 15
FL = Friction loss in psi for 100 feet of 5 inch Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gallons per minute (gpm/100)
p 288
______________ reduce the number of pressure calculations required of the D/O.
Flowmeters
p 282
- Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hoseline; total amount of pressure being discharged by a pump. In mathematical terms, it is the pump intake pressure plus the net pump discharge pressure. Measured in pounds per square inch.
Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)
p 281
____________ measure and display water flow in gallons per minute.
Flowmeters
p 282
Types of flowmeters:
As water moves past the _____________, a sensor measures the speed at which it spins and translates the information into a flow measurement.
Paddlewheel
p 282
Types of flowmeters:
Spring probe -
The greater the flow, the more the spring is ______. An ___________ _________ is transmitted from the spring to a display unit for review by the D/O.
bent / electrical charge
p 282
Flowmeter Applications
Relay Pumping
As you increase the throttle, the discharge reading on the flowmeter will rise at a corresponding level. Increase the engine speed until the flowmeter reading no longer __________. This will establish the correct discharge pressure to supply an adequate volume of water to the ___________ __________.
increases / receiving pumper
p 283
Flowmeter applications:
Relay pumping
Throughout the duration of the incident, monitor the flowmeter as well as the intake pressure. The intake pressure reading cannot be allowed to drop below _____ psi.
20 psi
p 283
When operating an apparatus equipped with a flowmeter(s), the number and types of nozzles on lines operating from the standpipe may be factored by adding the ______ ______ for each nozzle together and pumping the __________ of _______ that matches that rate.
flow rate / volume of water
p 283
Hydraulic Calculators
The manual version of the calculator consist of a ______ or ______ that can be moved to cover or reveal rates of flow, size of hose, and length of hose layout in order to come to a conclusion to a problem.
slide or dial
p 284
Hydraulic Calculators:
Electronic hydraulic calculators are specially programmed to allow you to input the variables of each hose layout, including the ________, __________ of hose, and ___________ changes. The calculator then applies preprogrammed formulas to arrive at the pump discharge pressure.
length / diameter / elevation
p 284
______ ________ are often developed by a FD and contain information specific to that jurisdictions equipment and common hose layout operations.
Pump charts
p 284
Pump charts:
Guidelines
- Include friction loss for ________ _________ appliances ( those flowing in excess of 350 gpm)
- Ensure that the length of the wyed hoseline layout is the distance between the _________ and the ______.
- Factor each scenario in cases where a master stream may be supplied by a different _________ or __________ of hoselines.
- master stream
- pumper / wye
- number / diameter
p 284-285
Pump chart guidelines:
- Round pump discharge pressure calculations to the nearest ___ psi
- Do not let the pump discharge pressure exceed the _____ pressure for the diameter hose or the pumper involved in calculations.
- Do not exceed the department’s maximum ______ policy if the department has one and the policy maximum varies from the hose manufactures max ______.
- To perform relay pumping calculations, the pump discharge pressure should provide for __________ pressure at the intake of the pumper being supplied that is based on jurisdictional policy.
- 5 psi
- test
- PDP / PDP
- residual
p 285
GPM Flowing
The gpm flowing method is applicable to both ______ and _____ steams and is calculated using flow in gallons per minute. It may be used for various diameter hose, although it is not applicable to the _________ system of measurement.
solid and fog / metric
p 288
Friction loss and elevation pressure loss (when applicable) are combined with the loss associated with appliances added to the layout to create ?
Total Pressure Loss (TPL)
p 210
What is the formula for friction loss in the customary system?
FL = CQ^2L FL = Friction Loss in pounds per square inch (psi) C = Friction loss coefficient Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gallons per minute (gpm) (gpm/100) L = Hose length in hundreds of feet (feet/100)
p 212
- Generic term applied to any nozzle, wye, Siamese, deluge monitor, or other piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose for the purpose of delivering water.
Appliance
p 213
In order to conduct rapid elevation pressure loss calculations on the fireground, driver/operators may employ the following formula? (customary)
EP = 0.5H EP = Elevation Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) 0.5 = A constant H = Height in feet
p 214
In each hose layout, friction loss is affected by factors such as _______ ___________ and the _________ of the layout.
hose diameter / length
p 214
When using more than one hoseline of equal length and equal diameter, friction loss calculations need only be made for?
one line
p 215
When calculating pressure loss with a master stream device, the driver/operator must add _____ psi to the pressure loss calculation.
25 psi
p 217
- Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hoseline; total amount of pressure being discharged by a pump. In mathematical terms, it is the pump intake pressure plus the net _______ ____________ ____________. Measured in pounds per square inch or kilopasclas.
Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) / pump discharge pressure
p 218
What is the formula used to calculate pump discharge pressure?
PDP = NP + TPL PDP = Pump Discharge Pressure in pounds per square inch NP = Nozzle Pressure in pounds per square inch TPL = Total Pressure Loss in pounds per square inch
p 218
Calculate and set the pump discharge pressure based on the hoseline with the ?
greatest pressure requirement
p 219
The following are safe and efficient nozzle pressures for common fire streams:
- Solid stream nozzle (handline) = _____ psi
- Solid stream nozzle (master stream) = _____ psi
- Fog nozzle = ______ psi
- Low pressure fog nozzle = ______ or ______ psi
- 50 psi
- 80 psi
- 100 psi
- 50 or 75 psi
p 219
- Actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump; difference between the intake pressure and discharge pressure. Also known as Engine Pressure or Net Pressure.
Net Pump Discharge Pressure (NPDP)
p 219
In order to effectively provide water for fire streams, it is necessary to know the amount of __________ _______ in the fire hose and the pressure loss or gain due to ____________.
friction loss / elevation
p 210
When making a friction loss calculation, the D/O must also account for the ________ and ___________ of the hose as well as ______________ that may be in use with the hoseline.
length and diameter / appliances
p 210
The only truly accurate method for determining pressure loss in a particular hose lay involves measuring the ____________ at both ends of the hoseline and _____________ the difference.
pressure / subtracting
p 211
Fireground operations often require the use of ___________ such as reducers, gates, wyes, and manifolds.
appliances
p 213
Appliance Pressure Loss (APL)
Friction loss in appliances varies with the rated capacity of the device as well as flow. Generally, a loss of ____ psi or greater is assumed when flowing the rated capacity.
25 psi
p 213
In each hose layout, friction loss is affected by factors such as hose __________ and the _________ of the layout.
diameter / length
p 214
_________ ____________ loss involves friction loss, loss or gain due to elevation, as well as appliance friction loss (when flow exceeds 350 gpm).
Total pressure
p 214
Multiple Hoselines (Equal Length)
When diameters vary, calculations must be made for ?
each hoseline
p 215
Wyed Hoselines (Equally Length)
Common fireground operations include a ____, ____, or ____ inch hoseline wyed into two or more smaller lines for fire attack.
2 1/2, 3, or 4 inch
p 215
Wyed Hoselines (Equal Length)
The attack lines generally range from _____ to _____ inches in diameter. These attack lines must be the same length and diameter to avoid having two different ?
1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches / nozzle pressures
p 215
To accommodate larger volumes of water and keep friction loss rates reasonable, two or more parallel hoselines may be laid. These lines may be brought together with a ___________ at a point close to the fire.
Siamese
p 216
When two hoselines of equal length are siamesed to supply a fire stream, friction loss is approximately ____ percent less than that of a single hoseline at the same nozzle pressure.
25 percent less
p 216
Many fire departments have ______________ pressures that a D/O is expected to supply to the fire department connection (FDC) in standpipe equipped occupancies.
predetermined
p 216
In order to determine the required pressure for a standpipe system, the _______ __________ loss must be calculated.
total pressure loss
p 216
Occasionally, an incident may require the use of multiple hoselines of the same or different diameter that are of unequal length. When presented with scenario, the D/O must calculate the friction loss for ?
each hoseline supplied by separate discharges to individual nozzles
p 216
Multiple Hoselines (Unequal Length)
The hose line with the _________ friction loss represents the total pressure loss at the pump, assuming there is minimal change in elevation.
highest
p 216
Wyed Hoselines (Unequal Length) and Manifold Lines
When hose lengths are unequal and/or the diameter is different, the total pressure loss in the system is based on the __________ pressure loss in any of the lines.
highest
p 217
Hoselines requiring less than maximum pressure may be _______ down by the D/O. However, unless each manifold discharge is equipped with a pressure gauge, _______ down hoselines is based on guesswork and may ___________ attack crews working on that line.
gated / gating / endanger
p 217
Although master streams evolved from the same basic principles as other fire streams, they require a greater volume of water and are generally supplied by __________ hoselines with a __________ or a _______ __________ hose.
multiple / Siamese / large diameter
p 217
In an aerial device, the water must navigate several ______ in the aerial piping. It is these ______ that cause pressure loss due to the turbulence that is created as the water forcefully makes its way through the piping.
bends / bends
p 218
The sum of the pressure loss encountered as well as the required nozzle pressure will be used to determine the ?
pump discharge pressure
p 218
In some fireground situations, attack lines must be supplied with water before the D/O has time to calculate the correct ______ ___________ __________. Some jurisdictions calculate the __________ __________ for their pre connected attack lines in advance.
pump discharge pressure / discharge pressure
p 219
When supplying multiple hoselines, the D/O will need to compensate for specific pressure requirements of ?
individual lines
p 219
When required to discharge a specific pressure, fire apparatus pumps take advantage of the water pressure coming into the pumps water supply and add the required pressure to achieve ?
net pump discharge pressure (NPDP)
p 219
In the case of a pumper being supplied by a hydrant or another pumper, the net pump discharge pressure is the difference between the ?
pump discharge pressure and the incoming pressure from the supply source.
p 219
Total Pressure Loss Calculations - Master Streams
If unequal length or diameter of hose is used to supply a master stream, use the _________ of the hose lengths to simplify calculations.
average
p 237
Total Pressure Loss Calculations - Master Streams
In order to obtain the average, a D/O may add the _______ of each hoseline and then divide by the __________ of hoselines being used.
length / number
p 237
- Using two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series; water discharged from one pumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the next pumper and so on.
Relay Operation ( also known as Relay Pumping )
p 425
- Pumper that takes water from a hydrant or static source and pumps under pressure to the next apparatus in the relay pumping operation.
Water supply pumper
p 426
Water supply pumpers should be the apparatus with the largest ?
pumping capacity
p 426
Some jurisdictions refer to water supply pumpers as ?
source pumpers
p 426
- Pumper or pumpers connected within the relay that receive water from the source pumper or another relay pumper, raises the pressure, and then supplies water to the next apparatus.
Relay pumper
p 427
- Pumping apparatus located at the fire scene that receives water from the relay and is responsible for supplying the attack lines and appliances required for fire suppression.
Fire attack pumper
p 427
Some fire departments, especially those that have occasion to make many long hose lays, employ hose _________ to assist in relay pumping operations.
tenders
p 427
- Term used within the Incident Command System for a mobile piece of apparatus that has the primary function of supporting another operation.
Tender
ex. Water tender or fuel tender
p 427
It is possible for a hose tender to carry a mile or more of ?
large diameter hose (LDH)
p 427
- Relay supply hose of 3 1/2 to 6 inches in diameter; used to move large volumes of water quickly with a minimum number of pumpers and personnel.
Large Diameter Hose (LDH)
p 427
Basically the need for relay pumping is determined by the amount of ________ required at an incident and the __________ between the incident scene and the water source.
water / distance
p 427
If the amount of flow through a relay operation needs to be increased, depending on the size of the supply hose and fire flow requirements, at least one of three conditions must be met:
- The ___________ of the supply hose or the _________ of hoselines must be increased.
- The pump __________ __________ of the pumpers involved in the relay must be increased.
- More __________ must be added to the relay to overcome friction loss or elevation.
- diameter / number
- discharge pressure
- pumpers
p 428
True or False:
If pumpers in the relay operation increase their pump discharge pressure, the volume of water through the system will always increase ?
False
this action will not necessarily increase the volume of water
p 428
Centrifugal pumps are rated to pump at their maximum volume capacity at ______ psi at draft. When pumping at pressures higher than _____ psi, the volume capability of the pump is reduced proportionately.
150 / 150
p 428
At no time should discharge pressures exceed the pressure at which hose or appliances have been ?
service tested
p 428
Elevation pressure is not affected by the amount of water being moved only by the ____________.
topography
p 428
Increasing flow during a relay operation may be accomplished by placing ?
additional pumpers in the system
p 428
Relay operations may use ______ to supply a low flow rate where the distance between each pumper exceeds the length of supply hose carried on each pumper.
LDH
p 428
Fire department pumpers are rated to flow their maximum volume at 150 psi, ____ percent of their maximum at 200 psi, and ____ percent of their maximum at 250 psi at draft.
70 / 50
p 429
When relaying long distances, the hose lays between each pumper should be as ?
equalized as possible
p 432
A relay pumping operation begins with the ________ ________ pumper working from the water source.
largest capacity
p 432
The source pumper does not have the __________ pressure at the intake that the relay pumpers receive that aids in preventing cavitation.
residual
p 432
For their own safety and the efficient operation of the system, all personnel involved in the relay operation must understand that the overall capacity of the system is determined by the ________ pump and the _________ diameter of hose used in the relay.
smallest / smallest
p 432
Once water supply has been established, the source pumper should open a __________ or allow water to discharge through a ______ ______ until the first relay pumper is ready for water.
discharge / dump line
p 432
The relay pumper should be waiting for water with a _____ ______ or __________ open and the pump out of ______.
dump line / discharge / gear
p 433
When the source and relay pumpers are ready, the __________ supplying the hose line on the source pumper is opened while the valve on the ______ ______ is closed in a coordinated action.
discharge / dump line
p 433
- Secured hoseline that is used to handle excess water during a relay operation.
Dump Line
p 433
It is advisable for the D/O to maintain an intake pressure of ____ to ____ psi as a relay pumper.
20 to 30 psi
p 433
As water begins to reach each pumper, the D/O should _____ any air from the line before opening the intake valve.
bleed
p 433
- Process of releasing a liquid or gas under pressure, such as releasing air from the regulator or cylinder of a SCBA; or allowing air to escape from a hoseline before or during operations.
Bleed
p 433
Once the relay operation is flowing water at the desired pressure, the D/O of the attack pumper should set the __________ ___________ at an appropriate level.
pressure governor
p 433
Apparatus equipped with pressure governors should be set in the _________ mode when acting as the attack pumper and in the _____ mode while working as a relay pumper.
pressure / rpm
p 433
For relay pumpers equipped with an adjustable intake relief valve, they should be set to ____ psi above the static pressure of the water supply system to which it is attached or ____ psi above the discharge pressure of the previous pumper in the relay.
10 / 10
p 434
Attack pumpers equipped with an adjustable intake relief valve should be set between ____ and ____ psi to establish a stable operating condition.
50 and 75 psi
p 434
The D/O of the attack pumper should expect small variations in __________ during relay pumping operations. You should not attempt to correct minor fluctuations as long as the intake pressure does not drop below ____ psi.
pressure / 20 psi
p 434
During long relay operations smaller capacity pumps may require higher _________ pressure as the relay operation stabilizes.
residual
p 434
Like all fireground operations, relay pumping requires the use of effective, clear _____________ for success.
communication
p 434
When the need for relay pumping has ended, the operation should be discontinued from the ______ _______ first.
fire scene
p 434
During relay pumping operations, the ______ _______ method may be employed to provide an alternate water supply system.
open relay
p 435
Open relay method
This method consist of deploying __________ ________ ______ tanks at each intake for pumpers in the relay operation.
portable folding drop tanks
p 435
Operating from portable folding drop tanks eliminates the __________ ______ and inconsistent ________ sometimes found in closed relays.
pressure surges / supply
p 435
Open relay method:
Additionally, this method requires no _________ or other ___________ to connect intake hoses in the system.
adapters / appliances
p 435
Closed relay method:
When using medium diameter hose, 2 1/2 or 3 inches in diameter, generally _________ hoselines are laid. Large diameter hose, 4 or 5 inches in diameter, often requires only _____ supply line to meet fireground requirements.
multiple / one
p 435
Closed relay method
D/O should refer to NFPA ______ for information regarding the placement of relief devices.
1962
p 435
There are two basic types of intake pressure relief valves. One type, supplied by the pump manufacturer, is an integral part of the pump ________ ___________. The second type is an add-on device that is screwed onto the pump ________ connection.
intake manifold / intake
p 435
Many of the screw-on intake pressure relief valves are also equipped with a gate valve that allows the water supply to the pump to be ?
shut off
p 435
Relay pumping operations that require the use of later arriving companies to achieve the required flow can set up an initial operation of lesser volume and greater spacing with _______ _______ valves placed in the relay line awaiting the arrival of incoming pumpers.
inline relay valves
p 436
An _______ _______ valve is placed along the length of a supply hose that permits a pumper to connect to the valve to boost pressure in the hose.
inline relay
p 436
During LDH relay operations that must supply more than one attack pumper, a _________ _________ may be used to break down the LDH into two or more hoselines that may then be connected to different pumpers.
discharge manifold
p 436
Where should the hose to be tested be connected to discharge outlets on the truck?
opposite side of the pump panel or the rear of the truck
What is the max. length of hose to be tested?
300 ft per discharge outlet
How should the hose be filled with water?
pump pressure at engine idle, and bleed off air
How should the water temp. be kept cool during hose testing? (to avoid pump damage)
flow water through a slightly opened red line nozzle or non-dedicated discharge drain valve
How long should hose be tested at the desired pressure?
5 minutes
What in the test pressure for 1 1/2, 1 3/4, 2 1/2, and 4 jacketed hose?
300 PSI
What is the test pressure for 4 rubber hose?
200 PSI
Where will hose that is tested have the section numbers recorded?
Fire House Records
If any hose is found to be damaged, the hose section needs to be tagged. The repair tag must list the _____ and ______.
problem location
