Pumping and Aerial Book Flashcards
NFPA 1901
Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatuses
min pump capacity
750 gpm
min tank size
300 gallons
quint min pump size
1000 gpm
quint tank size
300 gallons
mobile water supply apparatus min capacity
1000 gallons
inverters
converts DC (12-24V) to AC (110 or 220V)
vehicle mounted generators
110-220V, up to 12,000 W
class A fire
wood, paper
class B fire
liquids (petrol)
class C fire
Energized electric
class D fire
metals
class K/F fire
cooking oils
foam tanks capacity
20-100 gallons
Initial fire attack apparatus aka
midi or mini pumpers
NFPA 1002
Standard for Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications
NFPA 1071
Standard for Emergency Vehicle Technician Qualifications
CDL is for
over 26k pounds
NFPA 1911
Maintenance, Inspection, Testing, Retirement of Apparatuses
tires replaced…
every 7 years
tire pressure dictated by
manufacturer’s recommendations
load sequencer
controls emergency lights
load monitor
watches the load, can shut down emergency electrical equipment to prevent overload
steering wheel play
no more 10 degrees in either direction
curb weight
weight of apparatus directly off assembly line
GVWR
max weight vehicle can operate in ideal conditions
air actuated brakes
compressed air holds off a spring brake (parking brake), applies air pressure to service brake
slack adjusters
connect activation pads and brake pads, compensate for wear in brake pads
diesel particulate filters
controls regeneration process
selective catalyst reductant uses
diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)
who determines what is needed to drive
state DOT
most driving regulations pertain to…
dry, clear roads in daylight
reckless disregard
doing something while consciously aware it may have a bad outcome
negligence
failing to perform to a reasonable standard
gross negligence
willful and wanton disregard
due regard
acting with safety in mind
brake fade
brakes lose stopping ability when overheated
tanks should be
completely full or empty for safety
excessive idling leads to
carbon buildup in components
failing to keep DEF topped up leads to
loss of torque
engine should be… before shut off
3-5 min of idling or piston ring wear
axle loading
balance within 7% front/back side/side
going downhill limit…
speed to below max RPM’s to prevent engine damage
snow/ice increases braking distance by
3-15x
sirens over how fast are ineffective
50mph
braking distance
brake applied to stop
total stopping distance
reaction time + braking distance
reaction distance
from perceiving need to stop to foot being applied to pedal
jake brake is what type of brake
engine compression brake
correcting acceleration skid
release throttle, straighten wheels
correcting locked wheel skid
ease off brakes, straight wheels
automatic traction control (ATC)
automatically reduces torque, applies brake automatically to wheels that skid
max safe speed of an apparatus
68mph
apparatus with a 500 gallon tank should pump at least
250gpm
tire pressure dictated by
tire manufacturer’s recommendations, not side wall PSI
pressure in air brakes should build within
60sec
inspect valves…
monthly
nfpa 1500
occupational health and safety
50% pump capacity test
conducted at 250psi for 10min
retarder
aux brake that retards the driveline
engine lugging
when throttle is applied for too high a gear for the engine demand, like going up a steep hill, leads to carbon buildup
serpentine course requires
3 cones
if building is under 5 stories
aerial on the outside
if building over 5 stories
aerial on inside
dual pumping
really strong hydrant, supply line is intake to intake
tandem pumping
for when single pump can’t supply enough pressure, supply line is discharge to intake
level I staging
late arriving unit stages a block away
level II staging
a designated staging area like a parking lot
anchoring
for wildland firefighting, apparatus placed somewhere protected
h2o weight
8.3lb/gallon
h2o steam expansion
1700x
head
height of water supply above discharge orifice
residual pressure
pressure left over not used to overcome friction or gravity
static pressure
stored potential energy available
converting head to pressure
feet of head/2.304
discharge rate of a smoothbore
gpm=29.7d^2sqrt(NP)
constant flow fog nozzle
maintain constant gpm with adjustable stream patterns at a constant discharge pressure
selectable gallonage nozzle
the nozzleman can adjust gallonage, the pump man has to adjust pdp in concert with nozzleman
automatic fog nozzle
can change patterns while maintaining constant np
nozzle reaction for solid stream
NR=1.57d^2NP
nozzle reaction for fog stream
NR=0.0505Qsqrt(NP)
appliance friction loss
10psi over 330gpm
elevation pressure loss
height/2.304
don’t pump standpipes over
200 psi
flow testing smooth bore
use pitot tube
condensed Q for 3”
FL=Q^2
condensed Q for 4”
FL=Q^2/5
condensed Q for 5”
FL=Q^2/15
FL method for 2 1/2” hose
for flow rates above 160gpm, determine flow rate, take first two numbers, subtract 10, that gives you FL per 100’ hose
priming pumps are
positive displacement pumps
most common type of priming pump
rotary vane pump
damage to pump in form of…
pump ring wear
most common pressure relief valve uses…
spring controlled pilot valve
pressure governor adjusts
engine throttle
auxiliary cooling system
engine cooling water transferred to pump water
once PTO is activated and pump is engaged speedometer should show…
0mph
maintain at least what intake pressure
20psi
dead end hydrants
supplied in only one direction, sediment
red hydrant
<500gpm
orange hydrants
500-1000 gpm
green hydrants
1000-1500 gpm
blue hydrants
> 1500 gpm
3x additional water
<10% intake
2x additional water
11-15% intake
1x
16-25% intake
not enough for another whatever
> 25% intake
strainer on hard suction clearance
24” in all directions
14.7 psi =
30” Hg
drafting 10” rise
full capacity
drafting 20” rise
max effective fire capacity, 60% rated capacity
most common cause of inability to draft
air leak
standpipe resistance
25psi on flows over 350
lift
elevation difference between surface of static water source and center of pump intake
theoretical lift
lift that would be possible if pumper could create a total vacuum
max lift
max real world lift pumper is able to obtain (usually 25ft)
max lift formula
1.13Xinches of Hg of vacuum at intake gauge
dependable lift
usually atleast 14.7’
pressure correction
lift (in ft) + total intake hose friction loss/2.3
pumpers rated to pump at their max capacity at draft at…
150psi
for industrial/business districts, mains should be at least
8”
hydrant with largest capacity connected to…
primary feeder
inline relay valves
allow late arriving pumpers to hook up without interrupting operations
intake relief valves
set to 10psi above the discharge pressure of the previous pumper in the relay
shutting down a relay
start at attack pumper
open relay method
uses portable folding drop tanks
jet assisted siphons
useful for transferring water from one tank to another
tenders must be rated to fill at…
1000 gpm
vacuum tenders
can fill from a static source at a rate of up to 2000gpm
dump sites
intersections are good
water shuttle flow rate
0.9Xtank size/trip time
class B foam
sits on surface and suppresses vapors
gas mixed with ethanol should be treated
as a polar solvent
foam works by seperating
creates barrier btw fuel and fire
foam works by cooling
lower temp of fuel
foam works by smothering/suppressing
sits between fire and o2
foam induction
use of an eductor, concentrate is drafted
foam injection
foam concentrate is injected
batch mixing
just for class A foams
most common foam proportioner
around the pump proportioner
drawback of around the pump proportioner
can not take advantage of incoming pressure
protein foam
excellent heat stability and burnback resistance
fluoroprotein foam
has surfactant added
AR-AFFF foam
can be used on both hydrocarbons and polar fires
foam percentage for hydrocarbons
1-3%
foam percentage for polar solvents
3-6%
most common foam
AFFF
AFFF method of action
thin film spreads across fuel, foam has ability to heal
compressed air foam system (CAFS)
compressed air generated into foam, increased range, sticks to surfaces, good for protecting exposures
hydrostatic pump testing
500psi for 10 min
performance test interval
yearly
hose testing
marks around couplings can’t move more than 3/8”
vacuum testing
22” Hg, at the end of 5 min no more than 10 psi lost
priming test
achieve a prime in 30-45 seconds
tank to pump test
500 gallon tank must flow 250gpm, tanks over 500 gallon must flow over 500 gpm
acceleration test
0 to 35mph in 25 seconds
when doing a service test, first test should be
a no load governed engine speed test
interlock
prevents some component from functioning while another is functioning, common for aerial/stabilizer
working length measured
from ground to top rung when fully extended
load capacity of elevated platforms
750lbs when fully extended and no water flowing
hydraulic power tools, hose length
max 100ft
non destructive testing
every 5 years or after unusual stress/load
parking an apparatus on grade
if only two rear jacks, must be parked uphill
distance from 50k volt power line
10 feet
distance from 50-350kv power line
20 feet
distance from power lines over 350kv
50 feet
max loading of an unsupported aerial
70-80 degrees
railway considerations
avoid raising aerial over tracks, if you have to maintain 25 feet above tracks
signs of building collapse
bulging walls, sagging roofs, cracks in exterior, falling bricks/mortar
hot shift PTO
can engage PTO while transmission is in neutral
operating aerial on uneven terrain
best to operate on uphill side
75-80-80 guideline
for ladder pipe, 75% elevation, 80% extended length, 80psi
ice buildup
limit is 1/4” ice
removing ice
ice shrugging, slowly extending/retracting aerial to remove ice
window rescue with straight stick
first rung placed even with sill
window rescue with bucket
top rail even with sill
roof rescue with straight stick
6” ladder extends above roof
roof rescue with bucket
bottom of the platform is just over and above the roof
blitz attack
master stream does transitional attack before ground crews are ready
assisting victim on ladder
at least one, preferably two, FF’s assist victim
inspect valves
daily
doing a capacity test, pump at
150 psi
distributors
smaller mains serving individual hydrants and blocks of consumers
psi to inches of Hg
1 psi equal 2.04” Hg
atmospheric pressure at sea level
14.7 psi or 29.9” Hg
when pump is engaged speedometer should show
0 mph
in a relay, the pump should maintain the ___ pressure as the next pumper in line
minimum intake
if inlet pressure to the eductor is too high
foam may not be inducted
most common foam application system in use
balance pressure system
solid stream vs. straight stream
straight stream is a pattern on an adjustable fog nozzle
solid stream on a 1 3/4” with a 15/16” orifice
180 gpm
1” tip on a 2 1/2” hoseline
200 gpm
1 1/8” tip on a 2 1/2” hoseline
250 gpm
1 1/4” tip on a 2 1/2” hoseline
325 gpm
1 1/4” tip on a master stream
400 gpm
1 3/8” tip on a master stream
500 gpm
1 1/2” tip on a master stream
600 gpm
1 3/4” tip on a master stream
800 gpm
2” tip on a master stream
1000 gpm
fire pump standards come from
underwriter’s libraryy
type I construction
fire resistive
type II construction
non combustible
type III construction
ordinary construction
type IV construction
heavy timber
type V construction
wood frame
pyrolysis
solids undergo off gasing
vaporization
liquids turning to vapor prior to combustion
autoignition
ignition occurring without a flame or spark, always at higher temp than piloted ignition
piloted ignition
ignition occurring with a heat source
flash point
min temp at which liqiud gives of enough vapors to ignite but not sustain combustion
fire point
temp where sustained combustion is possible
entrainment
air being pulled into fire
neutral plain
interface btw hot gas layer and cooler air layer
rollover
when flames ripple across ceiling prior to flashover
1A indicates…
A=5L water putting out a type A fire
B indicates…
number of sqft of class B fire a ‘non expert’ can extinguish
class K extinguisher works through
saponification
class D extinguisher uses
dry powder
residential floor and sill heights
1 story is 10 feet, sill at 3’
commercial floor and sill heights
1 story is 12 feet, sill at 4’
proper ladder climbing angle
75 degrees
combination attack
hitting the ceiling to cool gas as well as the fuel source
transitional attack
hitting the fire through an open window
Hydrostatic pump testing
500 psi for 10min
pump cert tests conducted on pumps with capacities of
750-3000 gpm
acceptance testing happens at
purchaser’s jurisdiction
pumper performance testing, water should be between
34 and 90 degrees
FF deaths due to responding to calls
20-25%
two emergency vehicles responding to same call
should be 300-500 ft apart
in snowy conditions, increase braking distance by…
3-15x
corrosion or mineral deposits in piping called
encrustation
aux cooling system, heat goes from
engine coolant to pump discharge water
discharge manifolds in relay operations
support more than one attack pumper
charging apparatus battery
red to positive, black to frame
nfpa 1582
medical evaluations
