Pumpimg

Question 1

A pump may be described as, a ____ powered by an _______ source, which _____ energy to a _____ or _____.

Answer 1

A pump may be described as, a machine powered by an external source, which imparts energy to a fluid or gas.

Question 2

Types of pumps used in CFA

Answer 2

• Centrifugal Pumps
– Fire appliance mounted pumps

• Positive Displacement Pumps – Priming / foam transfer

• Ejector / Venturi Pumps
– Foam Induction / RTP Proportioner

Question 3

Centrifugal Force

May simply be defined as the tendency of a ____ to ___ off from the _____ of rotation.

Answer 3

Centrifugal Force

May simply be defined as the tendency of a body to fly off from the centre of rotation.

Question 4

Advantages of a centrifugal pump

_____ in design.

Provides a _____ flow of water.

Simple in design and ______.

Easily _____.

Flow can be ____ without stopping engine.

Adaptable to ____ power source.

Able to pump water containing small amounts of ____.

May be joined in ____ & ____.

Answer 4

Advantages of a centrifugal pump

Compact in design.

Provides a constant flow of water.

Simple in design and construction.

Easily maintained.

Flow can be interrupted without stopping engine.

Adaptable to varying power source.

Able to pump water containing small amounts of solids.

May be joined in series & parallel.

Question 5

Disadvantages of a centrifugal pump

• Cannot pump:

– ____

– ____

– _____

• Susceptible to ______.

Answer 5

Disadvantages of a centrifugal pump

• Cannot pump:

– vapours

– gas

– air

• Susceptible to cavitation.

Question 6

Cavitation can be defined as:

• A condition in which air ____ are formed in the _______, resulting in _______, loss of ________ which may cause ________ to the pump.

Answer 6

Cavitation can be defined as:

• A condition in which air cavities are formed in the pump, resulting in vibrations, loss of efficiency which may cause damage to the pump.

Question 7

Major Pump Components

Answer 7

Major Pump Components

• Casing
• Impeller
• Volute
• Guide Vanes • Drive shaft
• Pump seals

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

The pump casing converts _____ energy into _____ energy.

It is designed to _____ the ______ of the water & produce a smooth steady _____ water at the ______

Answer 9

The pump casing converts Kinetic energy into pressure energy.

It is designed to reduce the velocity of the water & produce a smooth steady flow of water at the outlet

Question 10

The Impeller

• _____ metal casting with _____ vanes.
• Rotates on a _____ shaft.
• Water is received at the _____ and _____ at the ______.
• Imparts a high _____ (_____ energy) to the water.

Answer 10

The Impeller

• Circular metal casting with radial vanes.
• Rotates on a central shaft.
• Water is received at the eye and discharged at the periphery.
• Imparts a high velocity (kinetic energy) to the water.

Question 11

The Volute

• Shaped like the shell of a ____.
• Its cross sectional area gradually _____ in a _____ direction towards the _____.
• It is designed to reduce the _____ of water & convert it into _______

Answer 11

The Volute

• Shaped like the shell of a snail.
• Its cross sectional area gradually increases in a circular direction towards the outlet.
• It is designed to reduce the velocity of water & convert it into pressure

Question 12

Guide Vanes

• Known as a Guide ___ or ____
• Designed to guide water along its correct path and reduce _______

Answer 12

Guide Vanes

• Known as a Guide Ring or Diffuser
• Designed to guide water along its correct path and reduce turbulence

Question 13

Types of Centrifugal Pumps

Answer 13

-Single stage

– Multi stage

– Peripheral

Question 14

Multi Stage Pumps

• Multi stage pumps are generally:

– ____ ____

– Or
– ____ / _____ _____

Answer 14

Multi Stage Pumps

• Multi stage pumps are generally:

– Series pumps

– Or
– Series / parallel pumps

Question 15

Series Pumps

• When ____ or more ____ stage _______ pumps are arranged so that the ________ of the first pump is connected directly to the _____ of a second pump, the pump is said to be in ______.

Answer 15

Series Pumps

• When two or more single stage centrifugal pumps are arranged so that the discharge of the first pump is connected directly to the intake of a second pump, the pump is said to be in series.

Question 16

Series Pumps

• The ____ of water passing through the second pump is ____ to that of the first pump.
• However water ______ is increased as it passes through each pump
• Assuming that the impellors of each pump are _____, each pump will add an equal amount of _______

Answer 16

Series Pumps

• The amount of water passing through the second pump is equal to that of the first pump.
• However water pressure is increased as it passes through each pump
• Assuming that the impellors of each pump are equal, each pump will add an equal amount of pressure

Question 17

Series/Parallel Pumps

Series Mode

• This is when water from the first impellor is pumped ____ to the ____ of the second impellor.

– This will increase the ____ of the water but not the ______ of water from the discharge

Answer 17

Series/Parallel Pumps

Series Mode

• This is when water from the first impellor is pumped directly to the eye of the second impellor.

– This will increase the pressure of the water but not the amount of water from the discharge

Question 18

Series/Parallel Pumps

Parallel Mode

– This is when the water enters the ___ of ____ impellors at the same time and under the ____ pressure. Water is then discharged from a ______ delivery point

– This will ______ the volume of water being discharged

Answer 18

Series/Parallel Pumps

Parallel Mode

– This is when the water enters the eye of both impellors at the same time and under the same pressure. Water is then discharged from a common delivery point

– This will increase the volume of water being discharged

Question 19

Peripheral Pumps

Develop pressures ___ to ___ times that of a conventional centrifugal pump at ___ r.p.m.

Mounted on the ___ shaft as a conventional pump

Impeller consists of a ____ of ____ vanes

Answer 19

Peripheral Pumps

Develop pressures three to four times that of a conventional centrifugal pump at lower r.p.m.

Mounted on the same shaft as a conventional pump

Impeller consists of a ring of guide vanes

Question 20

Pump Maintenance

___ pump after pumping ___, ___ water, or ______ water

Pump and gauges must be _____ from excess water during cleaning

_____ filters, _____ valve filters and pump strainers should be regularly be cleaned

_____ reservoirs in oil lubricated priming systems should be checked and _____ after use

Pump ____ and _____ should be checked for correct operation

Answer 20

Pump Maintenance

Flush pump after pumping foam, salt water, or brackish water

Pump and gauges must be protected from excess water during cleaning

Cooling filters, relief valve filters and pump strainers should be regularly be cleaned

Oil reservoirs in oil lubricated priming systems should be checked and filled after use

Pump glands and seals should be checked for correct operation

Question 21

Positive Displacement Pumps

Works on the principle that water is _______

________ devices that are fitted with _______ or ________

Plungers and Rotors ________ & _______ volume thus pumping the water

Can pump _______ thus are _______ priming.

Utilised as ________ devices for pumps that _______ self prime

Answer 21

Positive Displacement Pumps

Works on the principle that water is incompressible

Mechanical devices that are fitted with plungers or rotors

Plungers and Rotors increase & decrease volume thus pumping the water

Can pump air thus are self priming.

Utilised as priming devices for pumps that cannot self prime

Question 22

Types of Positive Displacement Pumps

Answer 22

Rotary Vane (electrically powered)

• Diaphragm
• Piston / force acting
• Water ring

Question 23

Advantages of Positive Displacement Pumps

Answer 23

Positive displacement pumps are able to pump:

– Water – Vapour – Air

> or any combination of these !!!

Question 24

Disadvantages of Positive Displacement Pumps

Answer 24

Limited Capacity.

Intermittent flow.

Unable to close delivery while pump is in operation.

Not as easy to adapt to varying power sources.

Question 25

## Footnote Uses of Positive Displacement Pumps * Predominantly used as ____ devices for other ____ pumps. * May also be used in some trucks for transferring ____ concentrate on & off the appliance

Answer 25

## Footnote Uses of Positive Displacement Pumps * Predominantly used as **priming** devices for other **centrifugal** pumps. * May also be used in some trucks for transferring **foam** concentrate on & off the appliance

Question 26

## Footnote Electric Rotary Vane Primer Common for _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ Provides ____ \_\_\_\_\_ • May require ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ to operate

Answer 26

## Footnote Electric Rotary Vane Primer Common for **urban pumping appliances** Provides **constant flow** • May require **continuous lubrication** to operate

Question 27

## Footnote Diaphragm Pump • Used as a priming pump on older tankers. Known as a “\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_”. Diaphragm pumps may be _____ acting or ______ acting. Manual primers are being ______ on newer tankers with electric primers

Answer 27

## Footnote Diaphragm Pump • Used as a priming pump on older tankers. Known as a “**Southern** **Cross** **Diaphragm** **Primer**”. Diaphragm pumps may be **single** acting or **double** acting. Manual primers are being **replaced** on newer tankers with electric primers

Question 28

## Footnote Ejector / Venturi Pumps • Advantages – Can be used in situations _____ for conventional pumps (eg flammable vapors) – Can pump ____ / ____ / \_\_\_\_\_ – _____ safe – Simple in design and \_\_\_\_\_ – No _____ parts – Easily \_\_\_\_\_\_ – Light and ______ to handle

Answer 28

## Footnote Ejector / Venturi Pumps • Advantages – Can be used in situations **undesirable** for conventional pumps (eg flammable vapors) – Can pump **water** / **vapour** / **air** – **Intrinsically** safe – Simple in design and **construction** – No **moving** parts – Easily **maintained** – Light and **easy** to handle

Question 29

## Footnote Ejector / Venturi Pumps • Disadvantages – Requires a ______ of _____ (generally from another _____ source) – Substance being pumped _____ with \_\_\_\_\_\_ – Low _____ \> ie. can only pump as a small percentage of propellant volume

Answer 29

## Footnote Ejector / Venturi Pumps • Disadvantages – Requires a **propellant** of **fluid** (generally from another **pump** source) – Substance being pumped **mixes** with **propellant** – Low **capacity** \> ie. can only pump as a small percentage of propellant volume

Question 30

## Footnote Centrifugal Pump Priming The term priming relates to the ____ of _______ suction hose and / or pump \_\_\_\_\_, allowing ___________ pressure to ______ water to the pump inlet.

Answer 30

## Footnote Centrifugal Pump Priming The term priming relates to the **removal** of **air** in suction hose and / or pump **casings**, allowing **atmospheric** pressure to **force** water to the pump inlet.

Question 31

Centrifugal Pump Priming There are three accepted methods of priming a centrifugal pump: 1. If the supply of water is _____ than the pump then _____ forces water into the pump, forcing the air out. 2. When the water is supplied by a ____ the pressure of the hydrant is sufficient to ____ water into the pump, and force the __ out (boosting) In these 2 situations, a priming pump is not required. 3. If the ____ supply of water is ____ than the pump then the use of a ____ device is required to remove the ____ from the pump and allow _____ pressure to ____ water in to the pump (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_).

Answer 31

Centrifugal Pump Priming There are three accepted methods of priming a centrifugal pump: 1. If the supply of water is **higher** than the pump then **gravity** forces water into the pump, forcing the air out. 2. When the water is supplied by a **hydrant** the pressure of the hydrant is sufficient to **force** water into the pump, and force the **air** out (boosting) In these 2 situations, a priming pump is not required. 3. If the **static** supply of water is **lower** than the pump then the use of a **priming** device is required to remove the **air** from the pump and allow **atmospheric** pressure to **push** water in to the pump (**draughting**).

Question 32

Indicators of pump being primed • Visual signs Able to ____ water in suction hose Hose will drop with ____ of water Compound Gauge will move into \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ flow of water from \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ difference in rotary vane primer Harder to ____ (southern cross) \_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure gauge registers reading

Answer 32

## Footnote Indicators of pump being primed • Visual signs Able to **see** water in suction hose Hose will drop with **weight** of water Compound Gauge will move into **negative** **Continuous** flow of water from **primer** **Sound** difference in rotary vane primer Harder to **pump** (southern cross) **Delivery** pressure gauge registers reading

Question 33

Conditions that may prevent priming

Answer 33

* Loose couplings * Strainer blocked * Leaking coupling washer. • Strainer not submerged. * Pump seal leaking. * Gauge lines loose. Excessive lift. * Delivery Valve open. * Leaking pipe work on appliance. • Priming pump faulty.

Question 34

## Footnote Draughting • Practical lift is lowered when: – ____ water is being pumped • ____ is higher, more work to be done by ____________ pressure – _____ or ____ water is lifted • water tends to \_\_\_\_\_ – operating at _____ well above sea level • every \_\_\_\_\_\_, the loss of lift is approximately \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 34

## Footnote Draughting • Practical lift is lowered when: – **salt** water is being pumped • **density** is higher, more work to be done by **atmospheric** pressure – **warm** or **hot** water is lifted • water tends to **vaporise** – operating at **heights** well above sea level • every **1000m**, the loss of lift is approximately **1m**

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

## Footnote Strainer should be submerged ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the suction hose.

Answer 36

## Footnote Strainer should be submerged **3x** **diameter** of the suction hose.

Question 37

## Footnote Pump Duty Point * Pump duty point is defined as the _____ output of a given pump * It is the _______ measurement which is used \_\_\_\_\_ * It is the rated output of a given pump at – ____ kPa at __ metres lift * It must be remembered that it is _____ the ______ output of the pump !!!

Answer 37

## Footnote Pump Duty Point * Pump duty point is defined as the **rated** output of a given pump * It is the **standard** measurement which is used **internationally** * It is the rated output of a given pump at – **700** kPa at **3** metres lift * It must be remembered that it is **not** the **maximum** output of the pump !!!

Question 38

## Footnote Cavitation * A condition in which water ______ cavities are formed in the pump. * ____ at which water _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, reduces as ___________ is reduced. These conditions occur inside the pump at the point of lower pressure ( highest vacuum ) This condition results in the formation of water & water \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 38

## Footnote Cavitation * A condition in which water **vapor** cavities are formed in the pump. * **Temperature** at which water **vaporises** or **boils**, reduces as **pressure** is reduced. These conditions occur inside the pump at the point of lower pressure ( highest vacuum ) This condition results in the formation of water & water **vapour**.

Question 39

## Footnote Cavitation * The mixture flows through the impeller until a region of ____ pressure is reached, at which point the _____ bubbles _____ with tremendous _____ to the adjacent \_\_\_\_. * This action may cause _____ near the impeller vane tips and may result in rapid ______ of some pump materials due to the free _____ that may be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

## Footnote Cavitation * The mixture flows through the impeller until a region of **high** pressure is reached, at which point the **vapour** bubbles **collapse** with tremendous **shock** to the adjacent **walls**. * This action may cause **pitting** near the impeller vane tips and may result in rapid **corrosion** of some pump materials due to the free **oxygen** that may be **liberated**.

Question 40

Cavitation • Cavitation can be recognised by:

Answer 40

## Footnote – Increase in engine speed without a corresponding increase in pressure – Vibration – Rattling sound, resembling gravel moving through the pump – Fluctuation of delivery pressure gauge

Question 41

## Footnote Cavitation • Conditions creating cavitation may be: – _______ of pressure ( increased ______ ) on water within the suction of the pump by ______ lift – Suction hose too \_\_\_\_ – _____ or _____ suction strainer – Pumping abnormally _____ water – Pumping at low ______ pressure (\_\_\_\_ altitude) – Mains supply _____ for output required

Answer 41

## Footnote Cavitation • Conditions creating cavitation may be: – **Reduction** of pressure ( increased **vacuum** ) on water within the suction of the pump by **excessive** lift – Suction hose too **long** – **Blocked** or **inadequate** suction strainer – Pumping abnormally **hot** water – Pumping at low **atmospheric** pressure (**high** altitude) – Mains supply **insufficient** for output required

Question 42

TO AVOID CAVITATION, PUMP ______ SHOULD NOT BE _________ BEYOND THE _______ AT WHICH THE PUMP _________ CEASES TO \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

TO AVOID CAVITATION, PUMP **SPEED** SHOULD NOT BE **INCREASED** BEYOND THE **SPEED** AT WHICH THE PUMP **PRESSURE** CEASES TO **RISE**.

Question 43

## Footnote First Aid / Tank Supply • A term used to describe the _____ attack lines being supplied with water from the appliance \_\_\_\_\_. – Limited by the _____ of the appliance \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

## Footnote First Aid / Tank Supply • A term used to describe the **initial** attack lines being supplied with water from the appliance **tank**. – Limited by the **capacity** of the appliance **tank**

Question 44

## Footnote Changeover • The process where the pump operator changes from appliance tank supply to an _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ supply without loss of ____ to the fire ground. • Acceptable margin of error: = +/- _____ kPa of existing operating pressure

Answer 44

## Footnote Changeover • The process where the pump operator changes from appliance tank supply to an **external** **reticulated** supply without loss of **water** to the fire ground. • Acceptable margin of error: = +/- **50** kPa of existing operating pressure

Question 45

## Footnote Boosting • The process of using the appliance pump to _______ water _______ from a ________ water supply.

Answer 45

## Footnote Boosting • The process of using the appliance pump to **increase** water **pressure** from a **pressurised** water supply.

Question 46

## Footnote Boosting – Ability to harness the existing _____ from the ________ and add to it – Pump operates more \_\_\_\_\_\_ – Ability to operate additional branches at _____ pressure – Water _____ to flow should pump \_\_\_\_\_ – _______ water supply

Answer 46

## Footnote Boosting – Ability to harness the existing **pressure** from the **hydrant** and add to it – Pump operates more **efficiently** – Ability to operate additional branches at **optimum** pressure – Water **continues** to flow should pump **fail** – **Dedicated** water supply

Question 47

Boosting • Disadvantages:

Answer 47

– Requires a much higher degree of pump operator skill and situational awareness

Question 48

## Footnote Boosting Considerations \_\_\_\_ appliance near \_\_\_\_\_. Connect hoses from _____ to \_\_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_\_ _____ from supply lines. \_\_\_\_\_ open appliance _____ valve. If fitted with pump inlet \_\_\_\_\_, note _____ reading. Slowly open _____ valves. Open pump _____ to achieve _____ delivery pressure.

Answer 48

## Footnote Boosting Considerations **Position** appliance near **hydrant**. Connect hoses from **hydrant** to **appliance**. **Bleed** **air** from supply lines. **Slowly** open appliance **inlet** valve. If fitted with pump inlet **gauge**, note **static** reading. Slowly open **delivery** valves. Open pump **throttle** to achieve **desired** delivery pressure.

Question 49

Boosting - Reserve Flow * When boosting, take note of static pressure * Supply required branch * Take note of the following – If the drop is not more than \_\_% • _ x the original flow is available – If the drop is not more than \_\_% • __ x the original flow is available – If the drop is not more than \_\_% • A flow ____ to the original is available – If the drop is over \_\_% ____ \_\_\_\_ the existing flow is available

Answer 49

## Footnote Boosting - Reserve Flow * When boosting, take note of static pressure * Supply required branch * Take note of the following – If the drop is not more than **10**% • **3** x the original flow is available – If the drop is not more than **15**% • **2** x the original flow is available – If the drop is not more than **25**% • A flow **equal** to the original is available – If the drop is **over 25**% **less than** the existing flow is available

Question 50

AT NO TIME SHOULD PUMP INLET PRESSURE DROP BELOW ___ KPA.

Answer 50

AT NO TIME SHOULD PUMP INLET PRESSURE DROP BELOW **100** KPA.

Question 51

## Footnote Water Delivery Considerations The ____ of the optimum nozzle pressures and flows – including ____ needs ! Pump \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ loss considerations \_\_\_\_\_ considerations Water main _____ and _____ (if boosting) \_\_\_\_\_ flow (if boosting) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ water being lifted (if draughting)

Answer 51

## Footnote Water Delivery Considerations The **sum** of the optimum nozzle pressures and flows – including **potential** needs ! Pump **capacity** **Friction** loss considerations **Topographical** considerations Water main **size** and **capacity** (if boosting) **Reserve** flow (if boosting) **Height** water being lifted (if draughting)

Question 52

## Footnote A ____ pump operator uses nearly all of his ______ when operating a pump. • The _______ of getting the job \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, could be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, not only to the efficiency of the ______ but also and more importantly - to the _______ of your _______ mates.

Answer 52

## Footnote A **good** pump operator uses nearly all of his **senses** when operating a pump. • The **ramifications** of getting the job **wrong**, could be **disastrous**, not only to the efficiency of the **firefight** but also and more importantly - to the **safety** of your **team** mates.