Pumpimg Flashcards
A pump may be described as, a ____ powered by an _______ source, which _____ energy to a _____ or _____.
A pump may be described as, a machine powered by an external source, which imparts energy to a fluid or gas.
Types of pumps used in CFA
• Centrifugal Pumps
– Fire appliance mounted pumps
• Positive Displacement Pumps – Priming / foam transfer
• Ejector / Venturi Pumps
– Foam Induction / RTP Proportioner
Centrifugal Force
May simply be defined as the tendency of a ____ to ___ off from the _____ of rotation.
Centrifugal Force
May simply be defined as the tendency of a body to fly off from the centre of rotation.
Advantages of a centrifugal pump
_____ in design.
Provides a _____ flow of water.
Simple in design and ______.
Easily _____.
Flow can be ____ without stopping engine.
Adaptable to ____ power source.
Able to pump water containing small amounts of ____.
May be joined in ____ & ____.
Advantages of a centrifugal pump
Compact in design.
Provides a constant flow of water.
Simple in design and construction.
Easily maintained.
Flow can be interrupted without stopping engine.
Adaptable to varying power source.
Able to pump water containing small amounts of solids.
May be joined in series & parallel.
Disadvantages of a centrifugal pump
• Cannot pump:
– ____
– ____
– _____
• Susceptible to ______.
Disadvantages of a centrifugal pump
• Cannot pump:
– vapours
– gas
– air
• Susceptible to cavitation.
Cavitation can be defined as:
• A condition in which air ____ are formed in the _______, resulting in _______, loss of ________ which may cause ________ to the pump.
Cavitation can be defined as:
• A condition in which air cavities are formed in the pump, resulting in vibrations, loss of efficiency which may cause damage to the pump.
Major Pump Components
Major Pump Components
- Casing
- Impeller
- Volute
- Guide Vanes • Drive shaft
- Pump seals
The pump casing converts _____ energy into _____ energy.
It is designed to _____ the ______ of the water & produce a smooth steady _____ water at the ______
The pump casing converts Kinetic energy into pressure energy.
It is designed to reduce the velocity of the water & produce a smooth steady flow of water at the outlet
The Impeller
- _____ metal casting with _____ vanes.
- Rotates on a _____ shaft.
- Water is received at the _____ and _____ at the ______.
- Imparts a high _____ (_____ energy) to the water.
The Impeller
- Circular metal casting with radial vanes.
- Rotates on a central shaft.
- Water is received at the eye and discharged at the periphery.
- Imparts a high velocity (kinetic energy) to the water.
The Volute
- Shaped like the shell of a ____.
- Its cross sectional area gradually _____ in a _____ direction towards the _____.
- It is designed to reduce the _____ of water & convert it into _______
The Volute
- Shaped like the shell of a snail.
- Its cross sectional area gradually increases in a circular direction towards the outlet.
- It is designed to reduce the velocity of water & convert it into pressure
Guide Vanes
- Known as a Guide ___ or ____
- Designed to guide water along its correct path and reduce _______
Guide Vanes
- Known as a Guide Ring or Diffuser
- Designed to guide water along its correct path and reduce turbulence
Types of Centrifugal Pumps
-Single stage
– Multi stage
– Peripheral
Multi Stage Pumps
• Multi stage pumps are generally:
– ____ ____
– Or
– ____ / _____ _____
Multi Stage Pumps
• Multi stage pumps are generally:
– Series pumps
– Or
– Series / parallel pumps
Series Pumps
• When ____ or more ____ stage _______ pumps are arranged so that the ________ of the first pump is connected directly to the _____ of a second pump, the pump is said to be in ______.
Series Pumps
• When two or more single stage centrifugal pumps are arranged so that the discharge of the first pump is connected directly to the intake of a second pump, the pump is said to be in series.
Series Pumps
- The ____ of water passing through the second pump is ____ to that of the first pump.
- However water ______ is increased as it passes through each pump
- Assuming that the impellors of each pump are _____, each pump will add an equal amount of _______
Series Pumps
- The amount of water passing through the second pump is equal to that of the first pump.
- However water pressure is increased as it passes through each pump
- Assuming that the impellors of each pump are equal, each pump will add an equal amount of pressure
Series/Parallel Pumps
Series Mode
• This is when water from the first impellor is pumped ____ to the ____ of the second impellor.
– This will increase the ____ of the water but not the ______ of water from the discharge
Series/Parallel Pumps
Series Mode
• This is when water from the first impellor is pumped directly to the eye of the second impellor.
– This will increase the pressure of the water but not the amount of water from the discharge
Series/Parallel Pumps
Parallel Mode
– This is when the water enters the ___ of ____ impellors at the same time and under the ____ pressure. Water is then discharged from a ______ delivery point
– This will ______ the volume of water being discharged
Series/Parallel Pumps
Parallel Mode
– This is when the water enters the eye of both impellors at the same time and under the same pressure. Water is then discharged from a common delivery point
– This will increase the volume of water being discharged
Peripheral Pumps
Develop pressures ___ to ___ times that of a conventional centrifugal pump at ___ r.p.m.
Mounted on the ___ shaft as a conventional pump
Impeller consists of a ____ of ____ vanes
Peripheral Pumps
Develop pressures three to four times that of a conventional centrifugal pump at lower r.p.m.
Mounted on the same shaft as a conventional pump
Impeller consists of a ring of guide vanes
Pump Maintenance
___ pump after pumping ___, ___ water, or ______ water
Pump and gauges must be _____ from excess water during cleaning
_____ filters, _____ valve filters and pump strainers should be regularly be cleaned
_____ reservoirs in oil lubricated priming systems should be checked and _____ after use
Pump ____ and _____ should be checked for correct operation
Pump Maintenance
Flush pump after pumping foam, salt water, or brackish water
Pump and gauges must be protected from excess water during cleaning
Cooling filters, relief valve filters and pump strainers should be regularly be cleaned
Oil reservoirs in oil lubricated priming systems should be checked and filled after use
Pump glands and seals should be checked for correct operation
Positive Displacement Pumps
Works on the principle that water is _______
________ devices that are fitted with _______ or ________
Plungers and Rotors ________ & _______ volume thus pumping the water
Can pump _______ thus are _______ priming.
Utilised as ________ devices for pumps that _______ self prime
Positive Displacement Pumps
Works on the principle that water is incompressible
Mechanical devices that are fitted with plungers or rotors
Plungers and Rotors increase & decrease volume thus pumping the water
Can pump air thus are self priming.
Utilised as priming devices for pumps that cannot self prime
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Vane (electrically powered)
- Diaphragm
- Piston / force acting
- Water ring
Advantages of Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps are able to pump:
– Water – Vapour – Air
> or any combination of these !!!
Disadvantages of Positive Displacement Pumps
Limited Capacity.
Intermittent flow.
Unable to close delivery while pump is in operation.
Not as easy to adapt to varying power sources.
Uses of Positive Displacement Pumps
- Predominantly used as ____ devices for other ____ pumps.
- May also be used in some trucks for transferring ____ concentrate on & off the appliance
Uses of Positive Displacement Pumps
- Predominantly used as priming devices for other centrifugal pumps.
- May also be used in some trucks for transferring foam concentrate on & off the appliance
Electric Rotary Vane Primer
Common for _____ _____ _____
Provides ____ _____
• May require ______ ______ to operate
Electric Rotary Vane Primer
Common for urban pumping appliances
Provides constant flow
• May require continuous lubrication to operate
Diaphragm Pump
• Used as a priming pump on older tankers. Known as a “_____ _____ ______ ______”.
Diaphragm pumps may be _____ acting or ______ acting.
Manual primers are being ______ on newer
tankers with electric primers
Diaphragm Pump
• Used as a priming pump on older tankers. Known as a “Southern Cross Diaphragm Primer”.
Diaphragm pumps may be single acting or double acting.
Manual primers are being replaced on newer
tankers with electric primers
Ejector / Venturi Pumps
• Advantages
– Can be used in situations _____ for
conventional pumps (eg flammable vapors)
– Can pump ____ / ____ / _____
– _____ safe
– Simple in design and _____
– No _____ parts
– Easily ______
– Light and ______ to handle
Ejector / Venturi Pumps
• Advantages
– Can be used in situations undesirable for
conventional pumps (eg flammable vapors)
– Can pump water / vapour / air
– Intrinsically safe
– Simple in design and construction
– No moving parts
– Easily maintained
– Light and easy to handle
Ejector / Venturi Pumps
• Disadvantages
– Requires a ______ of _____ (generally from another _____ source)
– Substance being pumped _____ with ______
– Low _____ > ie. can only pump as a small percentage of propellant volume
Ejector / Venturi Pumps
• Disadvantages
– Requires a propellant of fluid (generally from another pump source)
– Substance being pumped mixes with propellant
– Low capacity > ie. can only pump as a small percentage of propellant volume
Centrifugal Pump Priming
The term priming relates to the ____ of _______ suction hose and / or pump _____, allowing ___________ pressure to ______ water to the pump inlet.
Centrifugal Pump Priming
The term priming relates to the removal of air in suction hose and / or pump casings, allowing atmospheric pressure to force water to the pump inlet.
Centrifugal Pump Priming
There are three accepted methods of priming a
centrifugal pump:
- If the supply of water is _____ than the pump then _____ forces water into the pump, forcing the air out.
- When the water is supplied by a ____ the pressure of the hydrant is sufficient to ____ water into the pump, and force the __ out (boosting)
In these 2 situations, a priming pump is not required.
- If the ____ supply of water is ____ than the pump then the use of a ____ device is required to remove the ____ from the pump and allow _____ pressure to ____ water in to the pump (________).
Centrifugal Pump Priming
There are three accepted methods of priming a
centrifugal pump:
- If the supply of water is higher than the pump then gravity forces water into the pump, forcing the air out.
- When the water is supplied by a hydrant the pressure of the hydrant is sufficient to force water into the pump, and force the air out (boosting)
In these 2 situations, a priming pump is not required.
- If the static supply of water is lower than the pump then the use of a priming device is required to remove the air from the pump and allow atmospheric pressure to push water in to the pump (draughting).
Indicators of pump being primed
• Visual signs
Able to ____ water in suction hose
Hose will drop with ____ of water
Compound Gauge will move into ____
_____ flow of water from _____
____ difference in rotary vane primer
Harder to ____ (southern cross)
______ pressure gauge registers reading
Indicators of pump being primed
• Visual signs
Able to see water in suction hose
Hose will drop with weight of water
Compound Gauge will move into negative
Continuous flow of water from primer
Sound difference in rotary vane primer
Harder to pump (southern cross)
Delivery pressure gauge registers reading
Conditions that may prevent priming
- Loose couplings
- Strainer blocked
- Leaking coupling washer.
• Strainer not submerged.
- Pump seal leaking.
- Gauge lines loose.
Excessive lift.
- Delivery Valve open.
- Leaking pipe work on appliance.
• Priming pump faulty.
Draughting
• Practical lift is lowered when:
– ____ water is being pumped
• ____ is higher, more work to be done by ____________ pressure
– _____ or ____ water is lifted • water tends to _____
– operating at _____ well above sea level
• every ______, the loss of lift is approximately _____
Draughting
• Practical lift is lowered when:
– salt water is being pumped
• density is higher, more work to be done by atmospheric pressure
– warm or hot water is lifted • water tends to vaporise
– operating at heights well above sea level
• every 1000m, the loss of lift is approximately 1m
Strainer should be
submerged ___ _______ of the suction hose.
Strainer should be
submerged 3x diameter of the suction hose.
Pump Duty Point
- Pump duty point is defined as the _____ output of a given pump
- It is the _______ measurement which is used _____
- It is the rated output of a given pump at – ____ kPa at __ metres lift
- It must be remembered that it is _____ the ______ output of the pump !!!
Pump Duty Point
- Pump duty point is defined as the rated output of a given pump
- It is the standard measurement which is used internationally
- It is the rated output of a given pump at – 700 kPa at 3 metres lift
- It must be remembered that it is not the maximum output of the pump !!!
Cavitation
- A condition in which water ______ cavities are formed in the pump.
- ____ at which water _____ or _______, reduces as ___________ is reduced.
These conditions occur inside the pump at the point of lower pressure ( highest vacuum )
This condition results in the formation of water & water _______.
Cavitation
- A condition in which water vapor cavities are formed in the pump.
- Temperature at which water vaporises or boils, reduces as pressure is reduced.
These conditions occur inside the pump at the point of lower pressure ( highest vacuum )
This condition results in the formation of water & water vapour.
Cavitation
- The mixture flows through the impeller until a region of ____ pressure is reached, at which point the _____ bubbles _____ with tremendous _____ to the adjacent ____.
- This action may cause _____ near the impeller vane tips and may result in rapid ______ of some pump materials due to the free _____ that may be _______.
Cavitation
- The mixture flows through the impeller until a region of high pressure is reached, at which point the vapour bubbles collapse with tremendous shock to the adjacent walls.
- This action may cause pitting near the impeller vane tips and may result in rapid corrosion of some pump materials due to the free oxygen that may be liberated.
Cavitation
• Cavitation can be recognised by:
– Increase in engine speed without a corresponding increase in pressure
– Vibration
– Rattling sound, resembling gravel moving through the pump
– Fluctuation of delivery pressure gauge
Cavitation
• Conditions creating cavitation may be:
– _______ of pressure ( increased ______ ) on water within the suction of the pump by ______ lift
– Suction hose too ____
– _____ or _____ suction strainer
– Pumping abnormally _____ water
– Pumping at low ______ pressure (____ altitude)
– Mains supply _____ for output required
Cavitation
• Conditions creating cavitation may be:
– Reduction of pressure ( increased vacuum ) on water within the suction of the pump by excessive lift
– Suction hose too long
– Blocked or inadequate suction strainer
– Pumping abnormally hot water
– Pumping at low atmospheric pressure (high altitude)
– Mains supply insufficient for output required
TO AVOID CAVITATION, PUMP ______ SHOULD NOT BE _________ BEYOND THE _______ AT WHICH THE PUMP _________ CEASES TO _______.
TO AVOID CAVITATION, PUMP SPEED SHOULD NOT BE INCREASED BEYOND THE SPEED AT WHICH THE PUMP PRESSURE CEASES TO RISE.
First Aid / Tank Supply
• A term used to describe the _____ attack lines being supplied with water from the appliance _____.
– Limited by the _____ of the appliance _____
First Aid / Tank Supply
• A term used to describe the initial attack lines being supplied with water from the appliance tank.
– Limited by the capacity of the appliance tank
Changeover
• The process where the pump operator changes from appliance tank supply to an _____ _________ supply without loss of ____ to the fire ground.
• Acceptable margin of error:
= +/- _____ kPa of existing operating pressure
Changeover
• The process where the pump operator changes from appliance tank supply to an external reticulated supply without loss of water to the fire ground.
• Acceptable margin of error:
= +/- 50 kPa of existing operating pressure
Boosting
• The process of using the appliance pump to _______ water _______ from a ________ water supply.
Boosting
• The process of using the appliance pump to increase water pressure from a pressurised water supply.
Boosting
– Ability to harness the existing _____ from the ________ and add to it
– Pump operates more ______
– Ability to operate additional branches at _____ pressure
– Water _____ to flow should pump _____
– _______ water supply
Boosting
– Ability to harness the existing pressure from the hydrant and add to it
– Pump operates more efficiently
– Ability to operate additional branches at optimum pressure
– Water continues to flow should pump fail
– Dedicated water supply
Boosting
• Disadvantages:
– Requires a much higher degree of pump operator skill and situational awareness
Boosting Considerations
____ appliance near _____.
Connect hoses from _____ to _____.
_____ _____ from supply lines.
_____ open appliance _____ valve.
If fitted with pump inlet _____, note _____ reading.
Slowly open _____ valves.
Open pump _____ to achieve _____ delivery pressure.
Boosting Considerations
Position appliance near hydrant.
Connect hoses from hydrant to appliance.
Bleed air from supply lines.
Slowly open appliance inlet valve.
If fitted with pump inlet gauge, note static reading.
Slowly open delivery valves.
Open pump throttle to achieve desired delivery pressure.
Boosting - Reserve Flow
- When boosting, take note of static pressure
- Supply required branch
- Take note of the following
– If the drop is not more than __% • _ x the original flow is available
– If the drop is not more than __% • __ x the original flow is available
– If the drop is not more than __%
• A flow ____ to the original is available
– If the drop is over __% ____ ____ the existing flow is available
Boosting - Reserve Flow
- When boosting, take note of static pressure
- Supply required branch
- Take note of the following
– If the drop is not more than 10% • 3 x the original flow is available
– If the drop is not more than 15% • 2 x the original flow is available
– If the drop is not more than 25%
• A flow equal to the original is available
– If the drop is over 25% less than the existing flow is available
AT NO TIME SHOULD PUMP INLET PRESSURE DROP BELOW ___ KPA.
AT NO TIME SHOULD PUMP INLET PRESSURE DROP BELOW 100 KPA.
Water Delivery Considerations
The ____ of the optimum nozzle pressures and flows – including ____ needs !
Pump ___
_____ loss considerations
_____ considerations
Water main _____ and _____ (if boosting)
_____ flow (if boosting)
_______ water being lifted (if draughting)
Water Delivery Considerations
The sum of the optimum nozzle pressures and flows – including potential needs !
Pump capacity
Friction loss considerations
Topographical considerations
Water main size and capacity (if boosting)
Reserve flow (if boosting)
Height water being lifted (if draughting)
A ____ pump operator uses nearly all of his ______ when operating a pump.
• The _______ of getting the job ________, could be _________, not only to the efficiency of the ______ but also and more importantly - to the _______ of your _______ mates.
A good pump operator uses nearly all of his senses when operating a pump.
• The ramifications of getting the job wrong, could be disastrous, not only to the efficiency of the firefight but also and more importantly - to the safety of your team mates.
