Pulpal and periapical pathology

Question 1

what causes apical periodontitis

Answer 1

necrotic pulp + microbial infection

Question 2

inflammatory cells

Answer 2

macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells

Question 3

inflammatory mediators

Answer 3

histamine, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, neuropeptides

Question 4

immunological response

Answer 4

immunocompetent cells - T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
potential antigens - bacterial toxins

Question 5

periapical periodontitis pathway

Answer 5

lesion progression
increased tissue pressure
inability of pulpal tissue to expand
lack of collateral circulation
pulpal necrosis and microbes

Question 6

types of microorganisms within the root canal system

Answer 6

facultative anaerobes decrease and obligative anaerobic, gram negative increase
fungi and viruses

Question 7

common endodontic microbes

Answer 7

prevotella
porphyromonas
fusobacterium
veillonella
peptostreptococcus
eubacterium
actinomyces
lactobacillus
streptococcus

Question 8

where in a tooth has higher bacterial counts

Answer 8

coronal region

Question 9

type of microorganisms in endodontic biofilm

Answer 9

planktonic microorganisms in an extracellular amorphous matrix (EPS)

Question 10

most common endodontic pathogen?

Answer 10

Enterococci faecalis

Question 11

what is an apical lesion?

Answer 11

destruction of surrounding apical bone due to host response

Question 12

at what distance do bacteria need to be from pulp for it to become infected?

Answer 12

0.5mm

Question 13

how could an impact injury cause root canal infection?

Answer 13

microcracks in the enamel
blood flow is damaged

Question 14

what nutrients are available at the apical region?

Answer 14

proteins and glycoproteins from periradicular area

Question 15

what nutrients are available at the coronal region?

Answer 15

carbs from the oral cavity

Question 16

what makes the endodontic biofilm?

Answer 16

planktonic microorganisms in EPS and co-adhesion of other organisms