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Cardiopulmonary > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lung?

A
  • diaphragmatic surface–part of lung up against diaphragm
  • costal surface–part of lung up against rib
  • mediastinal surface–part of lung up against mediastinum
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2
Q

which lung has 3 lobes and what are those lobes?

A

right lung–superior, middle, inferior lobes

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3
Q

what are the lobes of the left lung called?

A

superior and inferior lobe

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4
Q

what is the oblique fissure in the left lung? in the right lung?

A

RIGHT: separates superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe
LEFT: separates superior and inferior lobes

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5
Q

what is the horizontal fissure?

A
  • found in the right lung

- found b/w superior and middle lobes

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6
Q

apex of lung

A

-superior aspect of lung–tip of lung at top

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7
Q

how to tell what is the posterior and anterior surface of lung?

A
  • posterior: tall and columnar

- anterior: thin and flappy

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8
Q

what is the difference between the diaphragmatic surface, the inferior border and the base?

A
  • diaphragmatic surface: whole part on the inferior surface of the lung that sits on diaphragm
  • inferior border: ring around diaphragmatic surface
  • base: diaphragmatic surface+inferior border
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9
Q

what is the hilum?

A
  • where things are going in and out of lung
    • blood goes into lung to get oxygenated and blood goes out to rest of body
  • holds the pulmonary A, pulmonary V, main bronchi, pulmonary L.
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10
Q

pulmonary A in hilum

A
  • typically more superior

- thicker walled vessels b/c blood is at a higher pressure being directly from the heart

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11
Q

pulmonary V in hilum

A
  • typically more anteroinferior

- thinnest walled structure in pulmonary hilum

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12
Q

main bronchi in hilum

A
  • typically most posteroinferior
  • thickest walled structure at the pulmonary hilum
  • contains cartilage in the wall
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13
Q

pulmonary L. in hilum

A

-hanging pleura from the root of the lung

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14
Q

Review grooves and impressions found in lung by looking at pictures

A

–

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15
Q

which lung has a larger cardiac impression?

A

left b/c the heart points left

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16
Q

on which lung is the groove for the aortic arch?

A

left lung

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17
Q

what is the cardiac notch and on which lung is it on?

A
  • on the left lung
  • indentation of the anteroinferior aspect of the superior lobe
  • void where the heart is but the lung is not
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18
Q

what is the lingula and on which lung is it on?

A
  • on left lung

- thin process of the inferior lobe created by the cardiac notch

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19
Q

costomediastinal recess

A

-space b/w ribs and mediastinum

20
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

-space b/w ribs and diaphragm lung

21
Q

lung cancer

A
  • can derive from actual lung tissue or from the bronchi
  • can involve the phrenic N, vagus N, and recurrent laryngeal N due to proximity of those nerves to the lungs
  • treatment: removal of a lung (pneumonectomy), lobe of lung (lobectomy), or a specific bronchopulmonary segment (segmentectomy) through lung resection
22
Q

pleura

A
  • serous membrane surrounding the lungs

- parietal and visceral pleura are parts of the same piece of pleura

23
Q

parietal pleura and the 4 parts

A
  • adherent to thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and diaphragm
  • 4 parts:
    1. costal pleura–internal surface of thoracic wall
    2. mediastinal pleura–lateral to mediastinum
    3. diaphragmatic pleura–superior to diaphragm
    4. cervical pleura–dome shaped over the apex of the heart
24
Q

visceral pleura

A
  • adherent to lungs

- extends into fissures

25
Q

pleural cavity

A

-potential space b/w 2 layers of pleura that contains a serous lubricating fluid (surfactant) that reduces friction and produces cohesion through surface tension

26
Q

pleuritis

A
  • also called pleurisy

- inflammation of pleura producing a roughness of lungs

27
Q

pulmonary collapse

A
  • occurs when enough air enters the pleural cavity break the surface tension b/w the 2 layers of pleura
    • elasticity of lungs tends to collapse
28
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • entry of air into the pleural cavity from a penetrating wound to the thoracic wall or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion into the pleural cavity
    • results in a collapse of the lung
29
Q

hydrothorax

A
  • accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity

- usually result of fluid escape into the pleural cavity or pleural effusion

30
Q

hemothorax

A
  • accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
  • usually the result of a chest wound, such as a laceration of the intercostal vessel or internal thoracic vessel rather than laceration of the lunglin
31
Q

lines of pleural reflection

A

abrupt changes in the direction of the parietal pleura

32
Q

sternal line of pleural reflection

A

-costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura anteriorly

33
Q

costal line of pleural reflection

A

-costal pleura becomes diaphragmatic pleura

34
Q

vertebral line of pleural reflection

A

-costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura posteriorly

35
Q

trachea and larynx

A

trachea extends from the larynx to its first branch point at the left and right main bronchi
-exists in posterior mediastinum

36
Q

right main bronchus

A
  • primary bronchus
  • shorter and runs more vertical than left main bronchus
  • b/c it is more vertical it is easier for foreign matter to get into the lungs
37
Q

what comes off of the primary bronchi or main bronchi?

A
  • we have secondary bronchi called “lobar bronchi”

- we have one for each of the lobes o the lung, so 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung

38
Q

what comes off of the secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi?

A
  • we have tertiary bronchi called “segmental bronchi”

- travels with the bronchopulmonary segment

39
Q

what are bronchioles and what are the 3 types of bronchioles?

A
  • smaller than bronchi
  • this is what segmental bronchi branch into
  • 3 types:
    1. conducting bronchiole
    2. terminal bronchiole
    3. respiratory bronchiole
40
Q

conducting bronchiole

A
  • branches off of terminal bronchi or segmental bronchi

- no cartilage

41
Q

terminal bronchiole

A
  • branches off of respiratory bronchioles to a specific cluster of alveoli
  • no cartilage
42
Q

respiratory bronchiole

A
  • branches into the alveolar ducts
  • capable of gas exchange
  • no cartilage
43
Q

alveolar duct

A
  • ending at the alveolus
  • functional unit of lung
  • primary site of gas exchange
44
Q

bronchial asthma

A

-widespread narrowing of the airways produced by contraction of SM, edema of mucosa, and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles

45
Q

bronchoscopy

A

-insertion of the bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize the main bronchi

46
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A
  • pyramid shaped segment with apex at the hilum and base at the pulmonary surface
  • separated by CT septa
  • supplied by and named for a single segmental bronchus
  • surgically resectable
47
Q

why do we care about bronchopulmonary segments?

A

-if someone has lung cancer, need to know these segments exist b/c we will have to go in and take out a specific segment that is supplied by a segmental bronchus and corresponding artery

Cardiopulmonary (5 decks)

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