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Physiology Exam 3 > Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas Laws > Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas Laws Flashcards

1
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles

A
  • respiratory diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • sternomastoids
  • serratus anterior muscles
  • scalene muscles
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2
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

Passive at rest
FORCEFUL muscles:
-abdominal muscles
-internal intercostals

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3
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

maximum volume of gas that the lungs can hold

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4
Q

Describe how volumes and capacities are related

A

combinations of lung volumes for lung capacities

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5
Q

Define tidal volume; what is the value?

A

volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest
500 ml

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6
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume; what is the value?

A

Volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration
3000 ml

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7
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume; what is the value

A

the additional volume of air that can be expired at the end fo tidal volume by forceful expiration
1100 ml

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8
Q

Define residual volume; what is the value?

A

volume of air that is remaining in the lungs after forceful expiration 1200 ml

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of pulmonary volumes?

A

tidal volume
Expiratory reserve value
inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume

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10
Q

What are the 4 pulmonary capacities?

A
  1. vital capacity
  2. total lung capacity
  3. inspiratory capacity
  4. functional residual capacity
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11
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The sum of all of the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled

inspiration to the max extent plus expiration to the maximum extent

4600 ml

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12
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

the sum of all of the volumes

vital capacity+residual volume

5800 ml

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13
Q

Define inspiratory capacity

A

the sum of the volumes above resting capacity= tidal volume +IRV

3500 ml

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14
Q

Define functional residual capacity

A

the sum of the volumes below the resting capacity= ERV+ RV

2300 ml

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15
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

the total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute= minute ventilation

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16
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated?

A

breaths per minute X tidal volume
16 breaths a minute x 500 mL breaths
8000 ml/min

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17
Q

Define alveolar ventilation

A

total volume of gases that enter the spaces participating in gas exchange per minute

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18
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

breaths per minute x (tidal volume- dead space)

16 breaths per minute x (500 ml/breath - 150 ml/breath)
=5600 ml/min or 5.6L/min

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19
Q

What is the anatomic dead space?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

20
Q

What is the physiological dead space?

A

anatomical dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion

21
Q

What is the total dead space in a normal individual?

A

.15 L

22
Q

Describe the observations in calculating dead space and describe the equation that is used

A

Dead space does not participate in gas exchange and has negligible CO2

CO2 in lungs equals the arterial blood

VD = VTot X (PaCO2 ─ PECO2)/PaCO2

PaCO2 is the amount of CO2 in the arterial blood

PeCO2 is the amount of CO2 in the expired air

23
Q

Define pleural pressure

A

pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

24
Q

Define alveolar pressure

A

pressure of the air inside the alveoli

25
Q

Define trans pulmonary pressure

A

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure during any point of the inspiration or expiration cycles

26
Q

Is the alveolar pressure high with inspiration or expiration?

A

Higher with expiration

27
Q

Is the pleural pressure higher with inspiration or expiration?

A

higher with expiration

28
Q

Define compliance

A

the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure

expressed in liters per centimeter of water

measure of expansibility of the lungs and trachea

also known as capacitance

29
Q

Describe how compliance and elastane differ

A

compliance the the measure of ease at which a hollow viscus may be distended

elastane is the measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions

30
Q

Describe surface tension and state why this would be hazardous in the lungs

A

When water forms a surface with air, the water molecules on the surface have a strong attraction to each other; and they attempt to contract

If this happened in the lungs, the alveoli would try to collapse creating a positive pressure in the alveoli

31
Q

What are the most important components of surfactant?

A
  1. dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
  2. surfactant apoproteins
  3. calcium ions
32
Q

Where is surfactant produced?

A

type 2 alveolar cells

33
Q

What happens to the pressure in the alveoli if there is no surfactant

A

If there is no surfactant, the pressure would be about 18 cm of water pressure compared to the normal 4, which is about 4.5x as great

34
Q

Describe the components of air in the atmospheric pressure and give the percentages of each component

A

N-78.09%
O2- 20.95%
CO2- 0.03%

35
Q

What are the percentages of the components of air that are within the alveoli which is saturated with 6/18% water vapor?

A

N- 73.26%
02- 19.65%
Ar- 0.87%
CO2- 0.03%

36
Q

Define Dalton’s law

A

the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of individual gasses

37
Q

Define Boyle’s law

A

For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, P and V are inversely proportional

38
Q

Define henry’s law

A

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

39
Q

What is the ideal gas law

A

P=nRT/V

40
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 at the alveolar membrane?

A

O2- 150 mmHg

CO2- 0.21 mmHg

41
Q

Describe the relationships between pressure and rate of diffusion and the concentration of gas molecules in the alveoli

A

Pressure is directional proportional to the concentration of the gas molecules

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the pressure caused by that gas alone

42
Q

What are the solubility values of O2 and CO2 and what does this difference do to the partial pressure?

A 
O2= 0.024 
CO2 = 0.57

Co2 is more soluble which means that it will exert a higher partial pressure

43
Q

Define vapor pressure

A

Vapor pressure of water is the partial pressure exerted to escape the liquid phase form the gas phase

44
Q

What is the vapor pressure at a normal body temperature?

A

47 mmHg

45
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and vapor pressure?

A

Directly proportional

46
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion in a fluid?

A
  • solubility of gas in the fluid
  • cross sectional area of the fluid
  • distance through which the gas must diffuse
  • molecular weight of the gas
  • temperature of the fluid

Physiology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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