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Pulmonary Physiology > Pulmonary ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of the lungs

A

Provide oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Main components of respiration

A
  • ´Pulmonary ventilation: inflow and outflow of air between atmosphere and the lung alveoli
  • Diffusion od oxygen and Carbon dioxide between alveoli and the blood
  • Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the body´s tissue cells
  • Regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration
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3
Q

The lings can be expanded and contracted in two ways

A
  • Downward and upward movement of diaphragm to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity
  • Elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the anteroposterior diameter od the chest cavity
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4
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A
  • External intercostals
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Anterior serrati
  • Scaleni
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5
Q

Muscles of expiration

A
  • Abdominal recti

- Internal intercostals

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6
Q

Normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration

A

-5 centimeters of water, amount required to hold the longs open to their resting level

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7
Q

Pleural preassure during inspiration

A

-7.5 centimeters of water

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8
Q

To cause inward flow of air into alveoli during inspiration what has to happen

A

The pressure in the alveoli must fall below amospheric pressure (0)

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9
Q

Alveolar pressure during insporation

A

-1 centimeters of water

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10
Q

How much air it´s required for normal quiet inspiration

A

0.5 liter of air in 2 seconds

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11
Q

Alveolar pressure during expiration

A

+1, which forces the 0.5 liter to ve expired

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12
Q

Whats the transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure

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13
Q

Whats the recoil pressure

A

measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration

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14
Q

Whats lung compliance

A

measurement of lungs ability to expand and stretch

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15
Q

Total compliance of both lungs in the normal adult

A

200 mililiters of air per centimeter of water traspulmonary pressure, means that every time the transpulmonary pressure increases 1 centimeter of water the lung volume wil expand 200 mililiters after 10-20 seconds

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16
Q

The elastic forces of the lung tissue are determined by

A

elastin and collagen

17
Q

What happens when there is no surfactant in the alveolar fluid

A

the fluid air surface tension elastic forces increase tremendously

18
Q

Principle of surface tension

A

when water forms a surface with air the water molecules on the surface of the wateer have an especially strong attraction for one another.

19
Q

What is the surface tension elastic force

A

The net effect to cause an elastic contractile force

20
Q

Which cells secrete the surface active agent in water

A

Type II alveolar epithelial cells, constitute 10% of the surface area of the alveoli, these cells are granular with lipid inclusions

21
Q

Most important phospholipids of the surfactant

A

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, surfactant apoproteins and calcium ions

22
Q

How does the phospholipids reduce the surface tension

A

They perform this function by not dissolving uniformly in the fluid lining the alveolar surface

23
Q

Surface tension measurements

A

pure water 72 dynes/cm
normal fluids lining the alveoli without surfactant 50 dynes/cm
normal fluids with surfactant 5-30 dynes/cm

24
Q

How do we calculate the amount of pressure generated in the alveoli

A

pressure= 2*surfacetension/redius of alveolus

25
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

A

Congenital defect in which the lungs do not secret the correct amount of surfactant and therefore the lungs have a tendency to colapse

26
Q

Compliance of the combined lung-thorax system

A

110 mililiters of volume per centimeter of water pressure

27
Q

The work of inspiration can be divided into three fractions

A
  • Compliance work or elastic work required to expand lungs against the lung and chest elastic forces
  • Tissue resistance wor required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures
  • Airway resistance work required to overcome airway resistance to movement of air into the lungs
28
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath, it amounts 500 mililiters in the average adult male

29
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force, usually 3000 mililiters

30
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

is the maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration, amount about 1100 mililiters

31
Q

What is the residual volume

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration, averages 1200 mililiters

32
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity

A

Equals the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume , its the capacity is the amount of air 3500 mililiters a person can breathe in, beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximun amount

33
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

equals the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume, this capacity is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of the normal expiration, about 2300 mililiters

34
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

equals the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume

35
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort 5800 mililiters, it is equal to vital capacity plus the residual volume

36
Q

How much less are the volumes and capacities in woman than men

A

20-25%

Pulmonary Physiology (1 decks)

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