Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 1

AKA ventilation
Is the process of breathing ( a regular cycle of inspiration and experation)
Inspiration= inhalation
Expiration= Exhalation

Question 2

What are the ways the lungs Expand and Contract?

Answer 2

2 ways:
1. enlargement in depth due to raising and lowering of diaphram

2. enlargement in width is done by raising and lowering the ribcage

Question 3

Motions of the Diaphram

Answer 3

Contracting the Diaphragm pulls it downward (inhalation)

Relaxing the diapragm allows it to return (relaxation)

Question 4

What is the difference between external intercostals VS internal intercostals?

Answer 4

External intercostals contract the rib cage raising the muscles–> inhalation ALONG with anterior scalene, serratus anterior, SCM

Internal intercostals Contracting the ribcage lowering the muscles –> exhalation ALONG with rectus abdominus

Question 5

Restful Breathing is Predominantly _______

Answer 5

diaphragmatic

Question 6

Vigorous breathing is substantially ______

Answer 6

rib cage based

Question 7

All of the muscles of ventilation serve to change the shape of the chest and therefore change ________

Answer 7

the pressure of the lungs

Question 8

Plural cavity (fluid) is under what kind of pressure?

Answer 8

negative pressure

Question 9

Negative intrapleural pressure is thought to be due to

Answer 9

1. Low blood pressure in pulmonary circulation plus evaporative force in alveoli
2. tension created by elastic recoiling lungs coupled with elastic expanding chest

Question 10

Forces acting on the lungs

elastic

Answer 10

Elastic recoil due to elastin in all interalveolar septa

elastic expansion of chest from ribs and cartilage

Question 11

Forces acting on lungs cont

Answer 11

Collapsing tendency of alveoli due to presence of water on walls

counteracting effect of “surfactin” from great alveloar cells (type 2 pnemocytes), lessening H2O effects

Question 12

Forces acting on the lungs (expansion)

Answer 12

expansion of lungs due to negative intrapleural pressure

Question 13

Changing the intrapleural pressure (size of thorax) does what

Answer 13

changes the lungs accordingly

all approaches require a consideration of pressure and time

Question 14

changing volume due to changing pressure previously called?

Answer 14

compliance, compliance behavior of lungs is unusual

Question 15

(Compliance graph)

Inhalation

Answer 15

in an ideal system, inhalation compliance would rise along the dashed line
there are 3 types of work that must be done

Question 16

respiratory work

Answer 16

can be calculated by considering the area with a compliance graph, in the respiratory system force=pressure and distance= volume

WORK=force x distance

Question 17

Tissue work

Answer 17

variable depending on the type of breathing, more tissue work would be required when breathing shifts from diaphragmatic to ribcage based ventilation

Question 18

Airway work

Answer 18

is just like “R” in the hemodynamics formula . Just like in blood flow, the prime determinant is r^4. the significance that obstructed airways or broncioconstricted ones can create labored breathing by greatly increasing the resistance to the flow of air

Question 19

what determines the total work of inspiration

Answer 19

compliance, tissue resistance, and airway work

Question 20

When collective work is done what happens?

Answer 20

its stored by the elasticity of the lungs this stored work is avalible for exhalation

Question 21

exhalation

Answer 21

largely a matter of capturing the stored energy of inspiration

tissue resistance and airway work will consume some of the stored compliance work or energy

Question 22

Deducting the tissue and airway work of exhalation the remaining work is totally ?

Answer 22

free of work expiration

Question 23

when stored compliance work drops out (what is spent and reused) and the tissue and airway work is deducted, then combining the work of entire breathing cycle is known as the

Answer 23

work of breathing

Question 24

Work of breathing percentage

Answer 24

3% of energy spent

Question 25

Proportion of work spent on breathing does not exceed what %

Answer 25

5%

Question 26

What increases the work of breathing

Answer 26

airway restrictions, and tissue scaring

Question 27

Ventilation studied by measuring lung volume and volume changes over time in field is called

Answer 27

spirometry

Question 28

Tidal volume

Answer 28

regular amount of air ventilated per breath 500ml

Question 29

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal volume

3000ml

Question 30

expiratory volume

Answer 30

amount of air that can be exhaled after tidal volume

1000ml

Question 31

vital capacity

Answer 31

expiratory reserve + tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve 4500ml males 3700ml females

Question 32

residual volume

Answer 32

amount of air still in lungs after complete exhalation

1000ml

Question 33

total lung capacity

Answer 33

vital capacity + residual volume

5500ml

Question 34

Wind knocked out!

Answer 34

due to abnormally large expiratory reserve being expelled which creates neurological drive on the repiratory control centers. possibly due to an extraordinary stretch