Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology Exam III Material > Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the carina

A

inside trace at point of branching of primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The carina is very sensitive and produces the ____ reflex

A

cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles

A
  • Respiratory diaphragm
  • External intercostal muscles (limited)
  • Sternomastoids
  • Serratus anterior muscles
  • Scalene muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the expiratory muscles (note that these are responsible for forceful expiration)

A
  • Abdominal muscles

- Internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two ways that the lungs can be expanded and contracted

A
  1. ) By downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity
  2. ) By elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the chest cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What muscles pull the rib cage downward (muscles of expiration)

A

abdominal recti

internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What muscles raise the rib cage (muscles of inspiration)

A
  • External intercostals (most important)
  • Sternomastoid muscles
  • serratus anterior muscles
  • scalene muscles
  • Respiratory diagram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Expiration is _____ at rest

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During inspiration what happens to ______ vertical diameter and _____ A-P diameter

A

increased, increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Total lung capacity=

A

The maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Total lung capacity is made up of distinct, non-overlapping sub-compartments referred to as ______

A

Lung volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Combinations of lung volumes form

A

lung capacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each at rest called

A

Tidal Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal Tidal Volume (for a young adult male)

A

500mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration called

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume (for a young adult male)

A

3000mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Volumes and capacities averages for a young adult male should be ________ by _____ for a female

A

reduced by 20-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Volumes and capacities for an average young adult male should be _____ for larger individual or athlete

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal expiratory reserve volume (for an average young adult male)

A

1100mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration called

A

Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the normal residual volume (for an average young adult male)

A

1200mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration called

A

Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the normal vital capacity (for an average young adult male)

A

4600 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is vital capacity

A
  • The sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled

- Inspiration to the maximum extent plus expiration to the maximum extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled called
Vital Capacity
26
What is the normal total lung capacity (for an average young adult male)
5800mL
27
What is the sum of all the volumes (vital capacity plus residual volume) called
Total lung capacity
28
What is the sum of all volumes above resting capacity (tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume) called
Inspiratory capacity
29
What is the normal inspiratory capacity (for an average young adult male)
3500mL
30
What is the sum of volumes below resting capacity (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume) called
Functional residual capacity
31
What is functional residual capacity
The sum of volumes below resting capacity (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
32
What is the normal functional reserve volume (for an average young adult male)
2300mL
33
What is inspiratory capacity
the sum of volumes above resting capacity (tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume)
34
Define Minute Ventilation (Ve)
Total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute
35
Equation for minute ventilation
(breaths per minute) x (tidal volume) ex- (16 breaths/minute) x (500mL/breath)= 8000 mL/minute
36
Define Alveolar ventilation (Va)
Total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute
37
What is the equation for Alveolar Ventilation
(breaths per minute) x (Tidal volume - Dead Space) ex. (16 breaths/minute) x (500mL/breath - 150mL/breath) = 5600 mL/minute (5.6 L per minute)
38
Locations of Anatomic dead space
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles
39
Areas of physiological dead space
Anatomic dead space (Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles) + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion
40
What is the total dead space in a normal individual
.15 Liters
41
How many liters are in the respiratory bronchioles and perfused alveoli in a single breath
0.35 liters (tidal volume (.5L - total dead space (.15L) = 0.35 Liters)
42
Dead spaces does not participate in ______ and contains negligible _____
Ventilation (gas-exchange), CO2
43
The amount of CO2 in regions of lungs involved in gas exchange equals that of
arterial blood (PaCO2)
44
What is the equation for calculating dead space
Vd= (Vtot x (PaCO2 - PeCO2)) / PaCO2 dead space = ( tidal volume x (amount of CO2 in arterial blood - amount of CO2 in expired air)) / amount of CO2 in arterial blood therefore a higher amount of CO2 in the arterial blood and a lower the amount of CO2 in expired air would mean more dead space
45
The amount of carbon dioxide originating form regions of lungs involved in gas exchange equals that of arterial blood because
blood gases equilibrate with alveolar gases during transit through the pulmonary circulation
46
Define Transpulmonary pressure
Difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure during any point in the inspiration or expiration cycles
47
Define alveolar pressure
pressure of the air inside the alveoli
48
Define Pleural pressure
Pressure of the fluid between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
49
The normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is about _____ cm of water
-5 cm of water (this is the amount of suction required to hold the lungs open to their resting level)
50
During normal inspiration, expansion of the chest cage pulls outward on the lungs with greater force and creates more negative pressure, to an average of about ________ cm of water
-7.5 cm of water
51
As pleural pressure becomes more negative lung volume ___
increases
52
As pleural pressure becomes less negative lung volume
decreases
53
to cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli must fall to a value slightly below
atmospheric pressure (below 0)
54
during normal inspiration alveolar pressure decreases to about ____ cm of water
-1 cm of water
55
during expiration the alveolar pressure increases to about ___ cm of water
+ 1 cm of water
56
What are the names of the pressures reselling in the movement of air in and out of the lungs
- Pleural pressure - Alveolar pressure - Transpulmonary pressure (this is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressure)
57
When is transpulmonary pressure the greatest
at the end of inspiration/beginning of expiration (this because alveolar pressure is at trending up (around zero) meanwhile pleural pressure is at is max negative value (-7.5) before increasing during expiration)
58
Pleural and alveolar pressure are measured in
centimeters of water
59
What is the pleural pressure during inspiration
-5 (start) to -7.5 (end) cm of water
60
What is the Pleural pressure during expiration
-7.5 (start) to -5 (end) cm of water
61
What is the alveolar pressure during inspiration
0 to -1 cm of water
62
What is the alveolar pressure during expiration
0 to +1 cm of water (note that +1 is the max and it returns back to 0 before starting inspiration)
63
The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure is called
Compliance
64
Define compliance in terms of lungs
The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure
65
compliance is expressed in
Liters (volume of air) per centimeter of water (pressure)
66
What is normal compliance
200mL air per centimeter of water
67
Compliance is a measure of the _______ of the lungs and trachea
expansibility
68
The normal compliance in an adult human averages about 200 mL of air per centimeter of water transpulmonary pressure. That is, every time the transpulmonary pressure increases 1 cm of water, the lung volume, after 10 to 20 seconds, will expand _______
200 mL
69
Compliance is equal to distensibility x
volume
70
Compliance is determined by
- the elastic forces of the lung tissue | - Surface tension within the alveoli
71
Elastance is the measure of the
tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force
72
Compliance is the reciprocal of
elastance
73
The measure at which a hollow viscus may be distended
Compliance
74
What are the most important components of surfactant
- Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (a phospholipid) - Surfactant apoproteins - Calcium ions
75
Surfactant is produced by
type II alveolar cells
76
If air passages leading form the alveoli are blocked, the surface tension in the alveoli ______ the alveoli. This creates ______ pressure in the alveoli
collapses, positive
77
Pressure in alveoli equation
pressure= ( 2 x surface tension ) / radius of the alveolus
78
For an average size alveolus with a radius of about 100 micrometers and lined with normal surfactant the pressure is about
4 cm of water pressure (3 mm Hg)
79
Part of the surfactant molecule ______, while the rest of it spreads over the surface of water in the alveoli
dissolves
80
Without surfactant pressure in alveoli is
4.5 times as great

Physiology Exam III Material (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions