Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

Name all the lung volumes amd capacities from diagram

Answer 1

Question 2

How is pulmoary ventilation required to maintain adequate o2 supply and co2 removal

Answer 2

Pulmonary  ventilation  (movement  of  air  from  the  atmosphere  to
gas  exchange  surfaces  within  the  lung)  is  required  to  maintain   O2 and CO2 gradients between alveolar air and arterial blood.
o This  enables  a  sufficient  level  of   gas  exchange   to  take  place,
ensuring adequate O2 supply/ CO2 removal to/from respiring tissues (via blood).

Question 3

What is adequate 02 frim at,osphere to respor9mg tissue dependant on

Answer 3

tissues depends on healthy levels of alveolar ventilation, gas exchange, and cardiac output.

Question 4

Describ ethe nature lf the partial lressure of the gases against the aveolar tissue and vessels

Answer 4

Question 5

What does ventilation depend om

Answer 5

Volume depth , amd rate of breathing

Question 6

What is minute volume (mL)

Answer 6

the total volume of air inhaled in all breaths over one minute.

Question 7

What is tidal volume

Answer 7

The volume of air inhaled each breath

Question 8

Summary of boyles law

Answer 8

Pressure = the number of gas
molecules within a given volume • If n remains constant,
↑ Volume = ↓ Pressure

Question 9

What happens duting inspiration and expiration

Answer 9

Question 10

Changes in lung volume induce changes in alveolar pressure, which generate pressure gradients between alveoli & atmosphere, causing air to flow.

Answer 10

Question 11

Describe the fucnyion amd tstuctire of the pleural cavity

Answer 11

Pleural cavity = fluid filled space between the membranes (pleura) that line the chest wall and each lung - helps to reduce friction between lungs and chest. The properties of the pleural cavity (sealed, fluid-filled) mean that it resists changes in volume. Thus, changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity (due to resp. muscle activity) result in changes in lung volume. The opposing elastic recoil of the chest wall (outward) and lungs (inward) results in the pressure within the pleural cavity being sub- atmospheric (under “negative pressure”).

Question 12

What does negative and positive pressure mean

Answer 12

Differences in pressure between neighbouring spaces are unstable. In the absence of sufficient opposing force, equilibrium will be re- established via either movement of liquid/gas, or collapse/expansion of volume (at the expense of surrounding structures).
• Negative pressure = lower number of molecules per volume
(relative to surroundings) → generates collapsing force (pulls
surfaces of contained space together).
• Positive pressure = increased number of molecules per volume
(relative to surroundings) → generates expanding force (pushes
surfaces of contained space apart).

Question 13

Detail in order Inspiration

Answer 13

Respiratory muscles (e.g. diaphragm) contract ↓ Volume of thoracic cavity increases ↓ Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative ↓ Lungs expand, increasing volume ↓ PAlv (alveolar pressure) decreases below P Atm (atmospheric pressure) ↓ Air moves down pressure gradient, through airways into alveoli, expanding the lungs

Question 14

Expiration flow in detail

Answer 14

Respiratory muscles (e.g. diaphragm) relax, lungs recoil due to elastic fibres ↓ Volume of thoracic cavity decreases ↓ Intrapleural pressure increases ↓ Lungs compressed*, volume decreases ↓ PAlv increases above P Atm ↓ Air moves down pressure gradient, into atmosphere, deflating lungs

Question 15

Desrcibe pneumothorax

Answer 15