Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System > Pulmonary Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Pulmonary Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main risk factors for venous thromboembolism (PE and DVT?)

A
  • Recent surgery/trauma
  • Immobility (long flights, hospitalisation)
  • cancer
  • pregnancy
  • thrombophilia
  • previous VTE or CVS disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between red and white thrombi?

A

Red - venous, contains RBC and fibrin

White - arterial, contains fibrin and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What combination of three things can lead to thrombosis and what is it called?

A

Virchow’s triad

  • change in blood flow
  • change in blood components
  • change in vessel wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some symptoms of DVT?

A 
There may be none 
Unilateral leg swelling
Pain/discomfort 
Pitting oedema 
Redness 
Prominent collateral veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What investigations are done to diagnose DVT?

A 
D-Dimer blood test
Ultrasound scan (compression or Doppler)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment for DVT?

A

Anticoagulants (enteral/parenteral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can be some complications related to DVT?

A

Post-thrombotic syndrome

Pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the prevalence of VTE’s in the UK?

A

DVT - 1 in 1000 people
PE - 1 in 3000-5000 people
Leading cause of maternal mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the process that causes thrombi to form?

A
  1. Endothelial damage/contact pathway
  2. Tissue factors turn prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin
  4. Fibrin forms crosslinks = thrombus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is D-diner and when is it used?

A

Breakdown product of fibrin

Used as diagnostic test for PE and DVT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Acute SoB
Cough, haemoptysis
Pleuritic chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some signs of a pulmonary embolism?

A 
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Raised JVP
Dull on percussion (effusion)
Pleural rub (infarction)
Hypoxia/cyanosis/hypotension/collapse/cardiac arrest if massive PE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some investigations to diagnose pulmonary oedema?

A 
Blood test (FBC, biochem, ABG)
D-Dimer
ECG/Echocardiogram 
CTPA
V/Q scan
(Chest X-ray)

Consider CT abdomen/mammography/thrombophilia test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary embolism?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Anticoagulants (heparin and/or warfarin/NOACs)
  • thrombolysis (rT-PA) for massive PE
  • if thrombolysis contraindicated, embolectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary artery pressure >25mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?

A

SoB on exertion
Syncope/pre-syncope on exertion
Chest tightness

17
Q

What are some signs of pulmonary hypertension?

A 
Peripheral oedema 
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Loud S2
RV heave 
Raised JVP
Hepatomegaly
18
Q

What are some risk factors for pulmonary hypertension?

A 
Chronic lung disease
Chronic heart disease
Portal hypertension 
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)
Autoimmune disease
Congenital heart disease
19
Q

What types of pulmonary hypertension exist?

A

Primary and secondary

20
Q

What are some investigations to diagnose pulmonary hypertension?

A 
ECG
CXR
Lung function tests 
CTPA
V/Q scan 
Echocardiogram 
Right heart catheterisation
21
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Treat underlying condition
Oxygen if needed
Diuretics if needed
Anticoagulants (heparin and/or warfarin/NOACs)

CCBs (amlodipine, vasodilator)
Endothelin receptor antagonists
Phosphodiesterase 5 antagonists Thromboendarterectomy (if CTEPH)
Lung/heart transplant in severe cases

22
Q

What is used to assess the prognosis of pulmonary embolism?

A

PESI score, assesses mortality at 30 days

23
Q

What is the prognosis for pulmonary embolism?

A

Depends on age/comorbidities

0 to 25% mortality at 30 days

24
Q

What are the probability scores used for assessing risk of VTE?

A

DVT - Wells score

PE - Wells or Geneva score

Respiratory System (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions