Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Acute Care > Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Ventilation: gas (O 2 & CO 2 ) transport into and out of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiration

A

gas exchange across the alveolar capillary and capillary
tissue interfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A

Principal: external intercostals, Diaphragm, internal intercostals

Accessory: SCM (elevates sternum), Scalenes (elevate upper ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscles of Expiration

A

Quiet: passive recoil of lungs and rib cage

Active: Internal Intercostals, Abdominals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Patient History

A
  • History: smoking, O2 therapy, toxins (asbestos), pneumonia, dyspnea, intubation
  • Sleeping position
  • Level of activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Patient Hx Clinical Tip

A

Dyspnea also may be measured by counting the number of syllables a person can speak per breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

American Thoracic Society Dyspnea Scale

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physical Examination (Inspection)

A
  • General appearance & level of alertness
  • Ease of phonation
  • Skin color
  • Posture & chest shape
  • Ventilatory or breathing pattern
  • Presence of digital clubbing
  • Presence of supplemental O 2 and other medical equipment
  • Presence & location of surgical incisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Observation of Breathin Pattern

A
  • Assessment of rate (12 to 20 breath/minute)
  • Depth
  • Ratio of inspiration to expiration (1:2)
  • Sequence of chest wall movement during inspiration & expiration
  • Comfort
  • Presence of accessory muscle use
  • Symmetry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Apnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Lack of airflow to the lungs for >15 seconds
  • Airway obstruction, cardiopulmonary arrest, narcotic overdose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eupnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Normal Breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Biot’s respirations (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Constant increased rate & depth of respiration followed by periods of apnea of varying lengths
  • Elevated intracranial pressure, meningitis, stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bradypnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Ventilation rate <12 breaths per minute
  • Use of sedatives, narcotics, or alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cheyne Stokes respirations (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Increasing depth of ventilation followed by a period of apnea
  • Elevated ICP, CHF, narcotic overdose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hyperpnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Increased depth of ventilation
  • Activity, pulmonary infections, CHF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyperventilation (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Increased rate & depth of ventilation resulting in decreased Pco 2
  • Anxiety, nervousness, metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypoventilation (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Decreased rate & depth of ventilation resulting in increased Pco 2
  • Sedation, neurologic depression of respiratory centers, metabolic alkalosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kussmaul respirations (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Increased regular rate & depth of ventilation
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Orthopnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Dyspnea that occurs in a flat supine position. Relief occurs w/ more upright sitting or standing
  • Chronic lung disease, CHF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paradoxical ventilation (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Inward abdominal or chest wall movement with inspiration and outward movement with expiration
  • Diaphragm paralysis , ventilation muscle fatigue, chest wall trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sighing respirations (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • The presence of a sigh >2 3 times per minute
  • Angina, anxiety, dyspnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tachypnea (Breathing Pattern)

A
  • Ventilation rate >20 breaths per minute
  • Acute respiratory distress, fever, pain, emotions, anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paradoxical Breathing

A
  • reverse movement of inspiration and expiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Palpation (Physical Examination)

A
  • Presence of fremitus during respirations.
  • Presence, location, & reproducibility of pain, tenderness, or both.
  • Skin temperature.
  • Presence of bony abnormalities, rib fractures, or both.
  • Chest expansion & symmetry.
  • Presence of subcutaneous emphysema (PTX, central line complication, post thoracic surgery).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mediate Percussion (Physical Examination)

A
  • Resonant (over normal lung tissue)
  • Tympanic (over gas bubbles in abdomen)
    • Lung tissue –> emphysematous lungs or PTX
  • Dull ((↑tissue density or lungs w/ ↓air).
    • Lung tissue –> tumor or
  • Flat (extreme dullness over very dense tissues, such as the thigh muscles).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Coughing (Physical Examination)

A
  • Effectiveness (ability to clear secretions)
  • Control (ability to start & stop coughs)
  • Quality (wet, dry)
  • Frequency
  • Sputum production (color, quantity, odor, & consistency) (ex, hemoptysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oximetry (Diagnostic Testing)

A
  • Noninvasive method of determining (Sa O 2 ) through the measurement of (Sp O 2 ).
  • Readings can be affected by:
    • Poor circulation (cool digits)
    • Movement of sensor cord
    • Cleanliness of the sensors
    • Nail polish
    • Intense light
    • Cardiac dysrhythmias
    • Severe hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

SaO2 & PaO2 Average Values

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arterial Blood (Diagnostic Testing)

A
  • Examines acid base balance (pH), ventilation (Co2 levels), and oxygenation (O2 levels).
  • Guides interventions, such as mechanical ventilation settings or breathing assist techniques.
31
Q

Clinical Presentation of CO 2 Retention

A
  • Altered mentalstatus
  • Lethargy
  • Drowsiness
  • Coma
  • Headache
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Diaphoresis
  • Tremor
  • Redness of skin, sclera, or conjunctiva
32
Q

Causes of Acid Base Imbalances

A
33
Q

Interpretation of ABGs

A
34
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A
35
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A
36
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A
37
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A
38
Q

Chest X-Rays (Diagnostic Testing)

A
  • Assist in the clinical diagnosis & monitor the progression or regression.
  • Diagnosis cannot be made by CXR alone.
  • CXRs sometimes lag behind significant clinical presentation.
39
Q

Diagnostic Testing (others)

A
  • Sputum Analysis
  • Flexible Bronchoscopy
  • Ventilation
  • Perfusion Scan (rule out PE)
  • Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography
  • Pulmonary Function Tests
40
Q

Air Trapping

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A
41
Q

Bronchospasm

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A

Contraction of the bronchi/bronchiole walls –> narrowing the airway

42
Q

Consolidation

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A

Transudate, exudate , or tissue replacing alveolar air

43
Q

Hyperinflation

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A

Overinflation of the lungs at resting volume due to air trapping

44
Q

Hypoxemia

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A
45
Q

Hypoxia

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A

Low level of O2 in the tissues available for cell metabolism

46
Q

Respiratory Distress

Common Terminology for Respiratory Dysfunction

A

Acute or insidious onset of dyspnea, respiratory muscle fatigue, abnormal pattern & rate, anxiety, & cyanosis.

47
Q

Health Conditions

A
48
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Conditions

A
  • Asthma
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Bronchiectasis
49
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary Conditions

A
  • Atelectasis (lung collapse)
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary Edema
  • ARDS
  • PE
  • Lung Contusion
50
Q

Restrictive Extrapulmonary Conditions

A
  • Pleural Effusion
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Flail Chest
  • Empyema
  • Chest Wall Restrictions
51
Q

Bronchoplasty (sleeve resection)

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Resection & reconnection of a bronchus ( e.g. bronchial carcinoma)
52
Q

Lobectomy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Resection of one or more lobes of the lung (isolated lesions)
53
Q

Lung volume reduction

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Uni or bilateral removal of portion(s) of emphysematous lung parenchyma
54
Q

Mediastinoscopy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Endoscopic examination of the mediastinum (biopsy)
55
Q

Pleurodesis

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Obliteration of the pleural space (persistent pleural effusions or PTX)
56
Q

Pneumonectomy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
57
Q

Segmentectomy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Removal of a segment of a lung (parenchymal lesion)
58
Q

Thoracoscopy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
  • Examination through the chest wall (pleural fluid biopsy)
59
Q

Tracheal resection & reconstruction

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
60
Q

Tracheostomy

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
61
Q

Wedge resection

A
  • Removal of lung parenchyma without regard to segment divisions (peripheral parenchymal
62
Q

Thoracentesis

(Thoracic Procedures)

A
63
Q

PT Intervention (Goals)

A
  • Promoting: independence in functional mobility
  • Maximizing: gas exchange (by improving ventilation & airway clearance)
  • Increasing: aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle endurance, and the patient’s knowledge of his or her condition
64
Q

PT Intervention (General Techniques)

A
  • Breathing retraining exercises
  • Secretion clearance techniques
  • Positioning
  • Functional activity
  • Exercise w/ vital sign monitoring
  • Patient education
65
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

I. Mobilization & exercise

A
  • To elicit an exercise stimulus that addresses various steps in the oxygen transport pathway.
66
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

II. Body positioning

A
  • To elicit a gravitational stimulus that simulates being upright and moving as much as possible: active, active assisted, or passive
67
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

III. Breathing control maneuvers

A
  • To augment alveolar ventilation , to facilitate mucociliary transport, and to stimulate coughing
68
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

A
  • To facilitate mucociliary clearance w/ the least effect on dynamic airway compression and the fewest adverse cardiovascular effects
69
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

V. Relaxation & energy conservation interventions

A
  • To minimize the work of breathing and of the heart and to minimize undue oxygen demand
70
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

VI. ROM exercises (cardiopulmonary indications)

A
  • To stimulate alveolar ventilation & alter its distribution
71
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

VII. Postural drainage positioning

A
72
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

VIII. Manual techniques

A
73
Q

Dean’s Hierarchy

IX. Suctioning

A
74
Q

PT Intervention (Activity Progression)

A
  • RPEor the dyspnea scale are better indicators of exercise intensity than HR
  • Monitoring SpO2 can assist in determining the intensity of the activity
  • Shorter, more frequent sessions are better than longer sessions
  • Education on energy conservation & paced breathing enhances activity tolerance
  • Schedule PT according to the pt’s other hospital activities
  • Document the need & duration of seated or standing rest periods
  • O2 may not be needed at rest , but may help during exercise
  • Bronchopulmonaryhygiene before session may optimize activity tolerance

Acute Care (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions