Pulmonary Review Flashcards
Where is a tracheostomy tube inserted?
Below the vocal cords
How long is the trachea
12 cm long
What is the Carina?
It’s where the trachea splits into the R and L bronchi
Where is the cough reflex?
Carina
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
alveolus and pulmonary capillaries
What are some characteristics of tertiary (segmental) bronchi?
Less cartilage
More smooth muscle
More goblet cells
has elastic fibers
What are some characteristics of the bronchioles?
No cartilage (all smooth muscle) Increase in ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
What are some abnormal conditions that affect external respiration?
Arteriosclerosis affect cap membrane Emphysema affect surface area Tumor affect surface area RBC disorder affect ability to sat O2 High altitude (dec O2) Drugs that decrease respiration
Where is internal respiration occur?
Between tissue bl claps and tissue cells
Where is oxygen transported?
3% in plasma
97% in hemoglobin
What can cause a right shift in the O2 curve (greater release of O2 at lower PO2 levels)
decrease pH
Increase PCO2
Increase temp
Increased exercise or infection can cause this
What can cause a Left shift in the O2 curve (amount of O2 that binds with Hb at any given PO2 is increased)
Increase pH
Decrease temp and PCO2
How is CO2 transported?
7% dissolves in the plasma
23% combines with globin portion of Hb
70% transported at bicarbonate ions
What is something that is important for CO2 removal?
Electrolyte balance
