Pulmonary Prosection

Question 1

Parts of the Respiratory System (air passages)

Answer 1

Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (intrapulmonary bronchi with alveoli)

Question 2

Diaphragm (general)

Answer 2

Dome-shaped partition of the thoracic and abdominal ca ities

• mainly convex superior surface (facing thoracic cavity)
• concave inferior surface (facing abdominal cavity)

-right and left halves (hemidiaphragms)

Question 3

Central Tendon of the Diaphragm

Answer 3

Aponeurotic and shaped like a boomer age into which muscle fibers are inserted from all parts of the circumference of the inner aspect of the body wall

It’s dense and fibrous and the pericardium is firmly attached to its upper surface

Question 4

Sternal Part of the Diaphragm

Answer 4

2 small muscular slips arising from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process and may not always be present

Question 5

Costal Part of the Diaphragm

Answer 5

Arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six costal cartilages on each side and inserts into the central tendon

The 2 costal parts form the right and left domes of the diaphragm

Question 6

Lumbar Part of the Diaphragm

Answer 6

Arises as two crura from the anterolateral surfaces of the first three lumbar vertebrae on the right and the first two lumbar vertebrae on the left, including their respective intervertebral discs
-both crura embrace the aorta as it enters the abdominal cavity at the Aortic hiatus and are joined by a tendinous band, the median arcuate ligament

Question 7

Right Crus of the Diaphragm

Answer 7

Larger and longer, extending from it’s proximal attachments to lumbar vertebrae L1-3 and distally to the central tendon

The esophageal hiatus is an opening in the right crus of the diaphragm at vertebral level T10

The muscle fibers of the right crus decussate and surround the esophageal hiatus

Question 8

Left Crus of the Diaphragm

Answer 8

Smaller and has Proximal attachments to lumbar vertebrae L1-2 and passes to the left of the esophageal hiatus

Question 9

Arcuate Ligaments

Answer 9

Thickenings of fascia that serve as a proximal attachment for some of the muscle fibers of the diaphragm

Question 10

Lateral Arcuate Ligament

Answer 10

Bridges the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle

Question 11

Medial Arcuate Ligament

Answer 11

Bridges the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle

Question 12

Median Arcuate Ligament

Answer 12

Bridges the anterior surface of the aorta at the aortic hiatus

Question 13

3 large openings (hiatus) in the diaphragm

Answer 13

Vena Caval Foramen: passes thru the central tendon at vertebral level T8

Esophageal Hiatus: passes thru the right crus of the diaphragm at vertebral level T10

Aortic Hiatus: passes behind the diaphragm at vertebral level T12

Question 14

Right and Left Phrenic Nerves

Answer 14

• on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm
• each phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to one half of the diaphragm (one hemidiaphragm)
• supplies most of the sensory innervation to the abdominal (parietal peritoneum) and thoracic (parietal pleura) surfaces of the diaphragm
• the pleural and peritoneal coverings of the peripheral part of the diaphragm receive sensory fibers from the lower intercostal nerves (T5-T11) and the subcostal nerve

Question 15

Superior and Inferior Phrenic Arteries

Answer 15

Ramify over the surface of the each hemidiaphragm

Superior: arise from the thoracic aorta

Inferior: arise immediately from the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm

Question 16

Diaphragm (in the clinic)

Answer 16

Phrenic nerves arise from cervical spinal cord segments (C3-5). Therefore, pain from the diaphragm is referred to the shoulder region (supraclavicular nerve territory)

The diaphragm is paralyzed in cases of high cervical (above C3) spinal cord injuries, but is spared in low cervical spinal cord injuries

A paralyzed hemidiaphragm can’t contract (descend), so it will appear high in the thorax on a chest radiograph

Question 17

Naris (plural: nares)

Answer 17

External opening of the nose

-separated from each other by the lower border of the nasal septum

Question 18

Nasal Cavity

Answer 18

-each one begins at the naris and extends back to the choana (plural: choanae), the opening into the nasopharyngeal

Question 19

Nasal Septum

Answer 19

-composed of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membrane, separates the 2 nasal cavities. Frequently the nasal septum is deviated to one side

Question 20

Concha (plural: conchae)

Answer 20

On the Lateral wall of the nasal cavity

• curved shelves of bone covered by mucous membrane that project from the lateral nasal wall and greatly increase the respiratory surface of the nose:
• inferior concha: the longest
• middle concha
• superior: the shortest

Question 21

Hard and Soft palate

Answer 21

-separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Question 22

Pharynx

Answer 22

Continuation of the digestive system posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, extending inferiorly posterior to the larynx to the beginning of the esophagus

-extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly

Question 23

3 parts of the pharynx

Answer 23

Nasopharynx: Posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate

Oropharynx: Posterior to the tongue between the soft palate and the epiglottis

Laryngopharynx: continuous with the oropharynx at the upper border of the epiglottis and narrows rapidly below at the level of the cricoid cartilage to become continuous with the esophagus at the border of the cartilage

Question 24

Larynx

Answer 24

Extending from the epiglottis anterior to the laryngopharynx and inferiorly to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it becomes continuous with the trachea

Question 25

Laryngeal Cavity

Answer 25

Extends from the laryngeal inlet (Aditus) to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it continues into the trachea

Question 26

3 parts of the laryngeal inlet (aditus)

Answer 26

Vestibule: extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds
-the aperture between the vestibular folds is the rima vestibuli (2D)

Ventricle (laryngeal sinus): the recess between the vestibular and vocal folds
-the aperture between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis. It’s the narrowest part of the larynx. It’s width and shape vary with the movements of the vocal cords during respiration and phonation

Infraglottic Cavity: extends from the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage