Pulmonary Pathology 1

Question 1

what are the requirements for normal fetal lung development?

Answer 1

space in the thoracic cavity; ability to inhale

Question 2

what is important about the histology of the trachea and main bronchi?

Answer 2

it has to be a big patent open airway so that air can readily move through it in large volumes

Question 3

what is the normal bronchial histology from lumen side to basal side?

Answer 3

ciliated respiratory epithelium, smooth muscle & submucosal glands, cartilage

Question 4

what is the purpose of the cartilage in the trachea and main bronchi?

Answer 4

it keeps the airway open

Question 5

what is the predominant histology of the actual lung tissue?

Answer 5

alveolar perenchyma

Question 6

what is occurring in the alveolar sac?

Answer 6

gas exchange–> RBCs are releasing their CO2 and they are oxygenating

Question 7

what is the role of the type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 7

facilitate gas exchange

Question 8

what is the role of the type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 8

produce surfactant and replace type 1 pneumocytes

Question 9

what is the role of alveolar pores (of Kohn)?

Answer 9

allow aeration but also bacterial cells/fluids to travel between alveoli

Question 10

what are 4 congenital pulmonary anomalies?

Answer 10

pulmonary hypoplasia, foregut cysts, CPAM, pulmonary sequestration

Question 11

what 2 broad things could lead to pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 11

reduced space in the thoracic cavity, impaired ability to inhale

Question 12

what could cause reduced space in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 12

diaphragmatic hernias

Question 13

what 3 things could cause an inability to inhale?

Answer 13

oligohydramnios, airway malformations (tracheal stenosis) or chest wall motion disorders (arthrogryposis)

Question 14

when does pulmonary hypoplasia become incompatible with life?

Answer 14

if lung weight is less than 40%

Question 15

what are foregut cysts?

Answer 15

duplications cysts–> detached outpouchings of foregut

Question 16

what are the complications associated with foregut cysts?

Answer 16

rupture, infection, airway compression

Question 17

how do foregut cysts continue to grow?

Answer 17

there are still submucosal glands present–> mucin builds up

Question 18

what is congenital pulmonary airway malformation?

Answer 18

arrested development of pulmonary tissue with formation of intrapulmonary cystic masses

Question 19

what are the consequences of CPAM?

Answer 19

can be deadly due to hydrops or pulmonary hypoplasia; can get infected later in life

Question 20

what are pulmonary sequestrations?

Answer 20

non-functioning lung tissue that forms as an aberrant accessory lung bud typically in the region of the left lower lobe

Question 21

how are pulmonary sequestrations characterized?

Answer 21

lack of connection to the tracheobronchial tree; independent arterial supply

Question 22

what are the extralobar pulmonary sequestrations associated with?

Answer 22

other anomalies like diaphragmatic hernias

Question 23

what is atelectasis and what are the three forms?

Answer 23

incomplete expansion of lung parenchyma; resorption (obstruction), compression, and contraction

Question 24

what are the stages of ARDS?

Answer 24

exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic