Pulmonary Infection Flashcards
what are the three main classifications of micro-organism pathogenicity?
> primary: normal healthy people will get infected
facultative: if there is a predisposing factor for pulmonary infection
opportunistic: effects people who are immunocompromised
name three lower respiratory tract infections
> bronchitis
bronchiolitis
pneumonia
describe particle clearance from the lung
alveolar macrophages clear the particles and are moved up by the muco-ciliary escalator to the mouth where they are swallowed. or they move through the interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes.
how do respiratory secretions help defend against infection?
they help the ciliary work and contain antibiotics to defend against infection
what happens if the muco-cilliated escalator goes wrong>
then foreign material is retained in the lung with the mucous leading to infection.
name the classification of pneumonia
> community acquired > hospital acquired > in the immunocompromised > atypical > aspiration > recurrent
what is the pattern of bronchopneumonia?
it is diffuse around the lung. patchy material is deposited in the lungs as bacteria are deposited in the acara airways creating spots of pus.
describe the pattern of lobar pneumonia
this is invasive and causes a large tissue reaction that can fill and entire lobe, only ceasing when it reaches the pleura.
what is organisation of pneumonia?
when the inflammation turns into fibrous tissue leading to a mass lesion, COP, constrictive bronchiolitis
what is bronchiectasis?
the pathological dilation of bronchi which causes the muco-cilliated escalator to work ineffectively leading to infection.
what causes bronchiectasis?
> severe infective episode
recurrent infections
proximal bronchial obstruction
lung parenchymal destruction
what are the signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis?
> cough with foul sputum
haemoptysis
coarse crackles
clubbing
what could be the reason for recurrent pneumonia?
> local bronchial obstruction
local pulmonary damage
generalised lung disease
non-respiratory disease (immunocompromised)
what could cause aspiration pneumonia?
vomiting oesophageal lesion obstetric anaesthesia neuromuscular disorders sedation
describe type 1 respiratory failure
this is when Pao2 is less than 8kPa. it is normally due to gas exchange
describe type 2 respiratory failure
this is when PaCO2 is more than 6.5kPa. this is normally due to inhibition of ventilation that is not normally primary pulmonary pathology.
what is shunt?
when blood passes from the right side of the heart to the left without being oxygenated. this can arise due to congenital heart disease and pulmonary disease. it responds poorly to increases in FlO2.
describe alveolar hypoventilation
this is when there is insufficient amount of air moved in and out of the lungs. hypoventilation increases PACO2 and decrease PAO2. this can be corrected by raising the FlO2.
in what conditions would chronic Cor Pulmonale occur?
in people with asthma, COPD and at high altitudes.
what is Cor Pulmonale?
this hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and structure of the lung. with the exception to pulmonary alterations in which the disease primarily affects the left side of the heart or congenital heart disease.
what is the response of bone marrow to hypxemia?
the bone marrow makes more red blood cells which increase the viscosity of the blood resulting in an increased effort of the right ventricle of the heart.
