*Pulmonary Hypertension & PE

Question 1

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

Answer 1

A pathophysiological disorder occurring when mean pulmonary artery pressure is >25mmHg at rest when assessed with right heart catheterisation.
It can da,age the right side of the heart & cause heart failure (cor pulmonale)
Pulmonary hypertension is an umbrella term for many different diseases which lead to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

Question 2

Describe the consequences of pulmonary vascular obstruction.

Question 3

Discuss the basic epidemiology & pathophysiology of pulmonay hypertension

Answer 3

The reported prevalence of PH in the UK is 97 cases per million.
The most reported cause is PH secondary to left heart disease
9% of patients with systemic sclerosis have PH

Question 4

Discuss the basic presentation & investigation of pulmonay hypertension

Question 5

Discuss the basic management & prognosis of pulmonay hypertension

Question 6

Discuss the basic epidemiology & pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism

Question 7

Discuss the basic presentation & investigation of pulmonary embolism

Question 8

Discuss the basic management & prognosis of pulmonary embolism

Question 9

Compare presentation, investigation, management and prognisis of a PE to a DVT

Question 10

Discuss the normal physiology of the cardiovascular system

Answer 10

Deoxygenated blood in veins enters the vena cava into the right Atrium
. This descends into the Right ventricle which is then pumped out via the Pulmoanry arteries
(One for each lung)
. These then branch into Pulmomary arterioles and capillaries which surround the Alveoli for gas
exchange
. Pulmonary veins now contain Oxygenated blood which enters the left atrium
. This descends into Left ventricle and is pumped to the rest of the body via the Aorta

Question 11

What is the initial anticoagulation in PE?

Answer 11

Riveroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran

according to NICE