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Cardiopulmonary > Pulmonary Function Test > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is ischemia?

A

when demand for O2 is more than supply of O2

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2
Q

What can frequently occur during exercise and manifest as angina?

A

ischemia

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3
Q

How much of horizontal or down sloping of the ST segment is indicative of ischemia?

A

1.0 mm

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4
Q

How much of up sloping of the ST segment is positive for ischemia?

A

1.5 mm

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5
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

ability of lungs to stretch and expand

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6
Q

What is elastic recoil of the lungs?

A

ability of lungs to recoil inwards from lung collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle fibers

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7
Q

What type of lung disease has low compliance and high recoil?

A

restrictive lung disease

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8
Q

what type of lung disease has a high compliance and low recoil?

A

obstructive lung disease

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9
Q

what type of lung disease will have changes in the rib cage and chest wall?

A

obstructive

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10
Q

what type of lung disease has a decreased lung volume?

A

restrictive lung disease

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11
Q

what type of lung disease has an increased lung volume but a reduction in air flow?

A

obstructive lung disease

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12
Q

what type of lung disease causes the diaphragm to flatten?

A

obstructive lung disease

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of causes of restrictive lung disease?

A

pleural, alveolar, interstitial, neuromuscular, and thoracic cage

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14
Q

what is the overall pathophysiology of a restrictive lung disease?

A

decreased working lung space impairing gas exchange

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15
Q

what are the 3 clinical manifestations of restrictive lung disease?

A

increased RR, decreased SpO2, and increased work of breathing

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16
Q

what are the 4 signs and symptoms of restrictive lung disease?

A

tachypnea, hypoxemia, decreased breath sounds, and decreased chest wall expansion

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17
Q

what causes pulmonary fibrosis?

A

immune disorders, occupational exposure, genetic abnormality, or a complication of lung injury

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18
Q

what type of breathing can pulmonary fibrosis lead to?

A

shallow and rapid due to loss of compliance, hypoxemia, and/or DOE

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19
Q

what type of restrictive lung disease involves an inflammatory to fibrotic process in the lungs?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

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20
Q

What are the 7 implications for rehab for the restrictive lung disease?

A

thoracic mobs, respiratory muscle stretching, breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training, interval training, relaxation techniques, pulmonary rehab, titration of O2

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21
Q

what type of lung disease has a reduction in FVC?

A

restrictive

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22
Q

what type of lung disease has a normal or decreased FEV1?

A

restrictive

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23
Q

What type of lung disease has a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

restrictive

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24
Q

what type of lung disease has a reduced TLC?

A

restrictive

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25
Q

what type of lung disease has a smaller flow volume loop?

A

restrictive

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26
Q

what is the primary cause of obstructive lung disease?

A

smoking which causes inflammation

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27
Q

what type of obstructive lung disease has an irreversible dilation of 1 or more bronchi and a cough with sputum?

A

bronchiectasis

28
Q

what type of obstructive lung disease is inherited?

A

cystic fibrosis

29
Q

what are the 2 types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

30
Q

What type of COPD is permanent, abnormal enlargement of the alveoli and destruction of bronchioles?

A

emphysema

31
Q

when hyperinflation occurs, what happens to the inspiratory muscles and diaphragm?

A

shortening of inspiratory muscles and flattening of the diaphragm

32
Q

what is the most common complaint with emphysema?

A

DOE

33
Q

what are types of treatment used for emphysema?

A

smoking cessation, bronchodilators, O2, pulmonary rehab, volume reduction surgery, lung transplant

34
Q

What type of COPD has a persistent cough that produces sputum for more than 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years and is usually caused by smoking?

A

chronic bronchitis

35
Q

what is considered end stage chronic bronchitis?

A

bronchiectasis with permanent dilation of bronchi with purulent secretions and recurrent infections

36
Q

what are treatment options for chronic bronchitis?

A

smoking cessation, antibiotics for infection, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, expectorants, mucolytics, O2, airway clearance, and pulmonary rehab

37
Q

what type of obstructive lung disease has reversible airway obstruction related to inflammation?

A

asthma

38
Q

what can asthmatic episodes be triggered by?

A

air pollutants, pollen, respiratory infections, exertion, cold air, and medications

39
Q

does asthma have a reproductive or non-reproductive cough?

A

non-reproductive

40
Q

What are treatment options for asthma?

A

inhaled steroids prior to inflammation, mainly bronchodilators after inflammation

41
Q

what should be emphasized with exercise and asthma

A

warm-up

42
Q

what is thought to happen to induce an asthmatic attack during exercise?

A

due to loss of water and heat from lower respiratory system

43
Q

What is the sequence of events that occurs due to decreased elastic recoil with obstructive lung disease?

A

decreased recoil leads to hyperinflation then V/Q mismatch then hypoxemia and hypercapnia

44
Q

what is the most common symptom of obstructive lung disease?

A

dyspnea

45
Q

Clubbing is present in what type of lung disease?

A

obstructive

46
Q

what type of lung disease has an increases TLC, IRC, and RV?

A

obstructive

47
Q

what lung disease will have a reduction in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

obstructive

48
Q

what lung disease has a prolonged exhalation phase?

A

obstructive

49
Q

what lung disease will have diminished breath sounds?

A

obstructive

50
Q

what lung disease will you hear wheezes and crackles?

A

obstructive

51
Q

What are treatment techniques used for obstructive lung disease?

A

thoracic mobs and stretching, postural re-ed, rescue breathing ed, O2 target between 88-92% for some patients, pulmonary rehab, and mucus clearance techniques

52
Q

why don’t you want to give a patient with obstructive lung disease too much O2?

A

they can become hypercapnic (too much CO2 in the blood)

53
Q

What test reveals the strength of the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles?

A

maximal inspiratory pressure

54
Q

what should the MIP be in patients 18-65 yrs?

A

lower than -90 cmH2O in men and -70 cmH2O in women

55
Q

what should the MIP be in patients older than 65 yrs?

A

less than -65 cmH2O in men and -45 cmH2O in women

56
Q

what test indicates the strength of the abdominal and other expiratory muscles?

A

maximal expiratory pressure

57
Q

what should MEP be in men?

A

higher than 140 cmH2O

58
Q

what should the MEP be in women?

A

higher than 90 cmH2O

59
Q

What MEP predicts a weak cough and difficulty clearing secretions?

A

less than 60 cm H2O

60
Q

what is used to acquire a spirogram?

A

spirometer

61
Q

in normal lungs, how much of air in the lungs should be expelled in the first second?

A

80%

62
Q

What is the forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

when the patient exhales as long and forcefully as they can after a deep inhale

63
Q

what stage of COPD has an FEV1 of >80%?

A

stage 1 (mild)

64
Q

what stage of COPD has an FEV1 is between 50-80%?

A

stage 2 (moderate)

65
Q

what stage of COPD has an FEV1 between 30-50%?

A

stage 3 (severe)

66
Q

what stage of COPD has an FEV1 of <30%?

A

stage 4 (very severe)

Cardiopulmonary (7 decks)

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