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Pulmonology > Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards > Flashcards

Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Epi

A

Smokers

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2
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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3
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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4
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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5
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Pathophysiology

A

Hypertrophy of mucus glands + goblet cells in bronchioles, basement memb thickening

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6
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Etiologies

A

Smoking exacerbates

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7
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Treatment

A

Stage I: risk factor reduction, flu/pneumo vaccine, SABA. Stage II: LABA, rehab. Stage III: inhaled corticosteroids. Stage IV: long-term O2 therapy, surgery. SMOKING CESSATION!

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8
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Epi

A

Smokers

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9
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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10
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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11
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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12
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Pathophysiology

A

Destruction of acinar walls by ↑elastase activity → loss of radial traction, increased lung compliance

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13
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Etiologies

A

Smoking, mostly affects upper lobe, spares alveoli

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14
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Treatment

A

Stage I: risk factor reduction, flu/pneumo vaccine, SABA. Stage II: LABA, rehab. Stage III: inhaled corticosteroids. Stage IV: long-term O2 therapy, surgery. SMOKING CESSATION!

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15
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Epi

A

2% of COPD pts

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16
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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17
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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18
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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19
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Pathophysiology

A

Congenital cause of COPD; autosomal co-dominant, mutation in SERPINA1 gene leads to excess protease activity, increased lung compliance

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20
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Etiologies

A

Mostly affects lower lobes

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21
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Treatment

A

Same + IV pooled AAT

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22
Q

Bronchiectasis: Symptoms

A

Hemoptysis, productive cough

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23
Q

Bronchiectasis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Soap bubble appearance on CXR, PMNs and mucus in airways on histology

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24
Q

Bronchiectasis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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25
Q

Bronchiectasis: Pathophysiology

A

Chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi → permanently dilated airways, hemoptysis

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26
Q

Bronchiectasis: Etiologies

A

Bronchial obstruction, Kartagener’s, smoking, CF

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27
Q

Bronchiectasis: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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28
Q

Bronchiolitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology

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29
Q

Bronchiolitis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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30
Q

Bronchiolitis: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis

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31
Q

Bronchiolitis: Etiologies

A

RSV, allergic / hypersensitivity

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32
Q

Bronchiolitis: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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33
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology

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34
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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35
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis

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36
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Etiologies

A

Lung transplant, CTD

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37
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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38
Q

Asthma: Epi

A

Clean kids

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39
Q

Asthma: Symptoms

A

Wheeze, cough, chest tightness during attacks

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40
Q

Asthma: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Decline in FEV1 of 20% from baseline, pulsus paradoxus, hypoxemia, hyperinflation, thick wall/narrow lumen, mucus plugging

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41
Q

Asthma: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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42
Q

Asthma: Pathophysiology

A

Airflow obstruction (reversible), bronchial hyperresponsiveness, V/Q mismatch during attacks, alveolar hyperventilation during attacks (hypoventilation if severe, due to fatigue + dead space); Th2 phenotype

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43
Q

Asthma: Etiologies

A

Genetic (FCεR1, CD14, IL-4, IFN, etc.), environment (URIs, stress, allergen re-exposure), prenatal exposures

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44
Q

Asthma: Treatment

A

Inhaled corticosteroids, LABAs; O2 / intubation if severe; Omalizumab is useful in high-risk pts, binds all circulating IgE, blocks mast cell cross-linking without affecting complement

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45
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Epi

A

Older male smoker with fam. Hx

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46
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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47
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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48
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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49
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Pathophysiology

A

Fibrosis and thickening of alveolar walls and interstitium, honeycomb lung appearance, bases>apices

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50
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Etiologies

A

Idiopathic; can also have drug-induced, radiation-related, or connective tissue disease-related ILD

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51
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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52
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Epi

A

Workers

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53
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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54
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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55
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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56
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Pathophysiology

A

Inorganic antigen leads to inflammation

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57
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Etiologies

A

Silicosis, asbestosis

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58
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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59
Q

Sarcoidosis: Epi

A

N. Europe, Af-Am

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60
Q

Sarcoidosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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61
Q

Sarcoidosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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62
Q

Sarcoidosis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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63
Q

Sarcoidosis: Pathophysiology

A

Systemic non-necrotizing granulomatous disease, usually near airways; multi-system, can also get skin plaques, lupus pernio, uveitis with synechiae, hilar adenopathy on CXR

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64
Q

Sarcoidosis: Etiologies

A

Unknown; often reversible

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65
Q

Sarcoidosis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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66
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Epi

A

BIRDS

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67
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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68
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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69
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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70
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Pathophysiology

A

CD4+ Th1 humoral immune response overreacts, leading to Type III + IV hypersensitivity, centrilobular nodules, airway thickening + fibrosis

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71
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Etiologies

A

Birds, fungi, bacteria, chemicals

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72
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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73
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Symptoms

A

Acute onset tachypnea, dyspnea

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74
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation

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75
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Type

A

Restrictive (Resp. Failure)

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76
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Pathophysiology

A

Diffuse alveolar damage, ↑alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory injury from neutrophils, necrosis lead to hyaline membranes

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77
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Etiologies

A

Pulmonary infxn, shock, sepsis, burns, near-drowning, etc.

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78
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause, lung protective ventilation (6cc/kg VT), max plateau of 30cm H2O, conservative fluids, ECMO

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79
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Epi

A

Premie

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80
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, hypoxia

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81
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation

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82
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Type

A

Restrictive (Resp. Failure)

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83
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Pathophysiology

A

Congenital surfactant deficiency, alveolar collapse

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84
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Etiologies

A

Maternal diabetes, C-section, premature

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85
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Treatment

A

Maternal steroids, artificial surfactant

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86
Q

Guillain-Barre: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

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87
Q

Guillain-Barre: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

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88
Q

Guillain-Barre: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

89
Q

Guillain-Barre: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

90
Q

Guillain-Barre: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

91
Q

ALS: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

92
Q

ALS: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

93
Q

ALS: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

94
Q

ALS: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

95
Q

ALS: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

96
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

97
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

98
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

99
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

100
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

101
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

102
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

103
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

104
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

105
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

106
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

107
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

108
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

109
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

110
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

111
Q

Disease: Epi

A

Epi

112
Q

Disease: Symptoms

A

Symptoms

113
Q

Disease: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Signs/Dx Criteria

114
Q

Disease: Type

A

Type

115
Q

Disease: Pathophysiology

A

Pathophysiology

116
Q

Disease: Etiologies

A

Etiologies

117
Q

Disease: Treatment

A

Treatment

118
Q

Pneumonia: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea

119
Q

Pneumonia: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Consolidation, PMNs in alveoli

120
Q

Pneumonia: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

121
Q

Pneumonia: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of lung, usually infectious

122
Q

Pneumonia: Etiologies

A

Infection

123
Q

Pneumonia: Treatment

A

Antibiotics, O2

124
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea

125
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Congested, heavy, wet, red lungs

126
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

127
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Pathophysiology

A

Alveoli fill with fluid, usually bc of ↑hydrostatic pressure

128
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Etiologies

A

Left sided heart failure

129
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Treatment

A

Diuretics, O2, treat heart failure

130
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Epi

A

Premie

131
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea

132
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Blood-filled, very dark red lungs

133
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

134
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology

A

Alveoli fill with blood, +/- fibrin, becomes hemosiderin if chronic

135
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Etiologies

A

Goodpasture’s Syn.; Wegener’s granulomatosis

136
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Treatment

A

O2, treat underlying cause

137
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Epi

A

Hospital, pregnant, casted

138
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Symptoms

A

Pain, swelling, erythema

139
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Asymmetry, warmth, edema, ischemia; Wells Score, D-dimer, ultrasound, venography

140
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Type

A

Vasculature

141
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Pathophysiology

A

Thrombi form in deep calf veins, popliteal/femoral/iliac veins, UE (central line or Paget-Schroetter syndrome)…massive is +stroke or worse, >30% mortality

142
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Etiologies

A

Genetic risk factors, Virchow’s triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis

143
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Treatment

A

UFH (can reverse with protamine) > LMWH/Fondaparinux; transition to oral warfarin >3 months; for massive, can try catheter-directed thrombolysis or IVC filter

144
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Epi

A

Hospital, pregnant, casted

145
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, pleuritic pain, cough, wheezing

146
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Modified Wells Score, D-dimer, CT angiography; hypoxemia, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis

147
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Type

A

Vasculature

148
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Pathophysiology

A

Deep vein thrombi move to pulmonary arteries, lodge there, platelets release serotonin in response causing wheeze via vasoconstriction

149
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Etiologies

A

Genetic risk factors, Virchow’s triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis

150
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Treatment

A

LMWH for hemodynamically stable patients; UFH in unstable patients, or with high risk of bleeding; warfarin >3 months

151
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Epi

A

Conn. tissue disorders

152
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, fatigue, chest/abd pain, syncope

153
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hypoxemia, tachycardia, hypotension, right heart hypertrophy, no rales

154
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Type

A

Vasculature

155
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology

A

Mean PA pressure >25 mmHg at rest; due to either ↑CO, ↑LAP, or ↑PVR

156
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Etiologies

A

Small PA vasculopathy (PAH) most common cause

157
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Treatment

A

CCB if vasoreactive, Prostanoids, PDE-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, surgery

158
Q

Vasculitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Macro nodules

159
Q

Vasculitis: Type

A

Vasculature

160
Q

Vasculitis: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of pulmonary vessels

161
Q

Vasculitis: Etiologies AND Treatment

A

1°: autoimmune, 2°: infectious. Treat underlying cause

162
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Epi

A

White folks

163
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Symptoms

A

Recurrent respiratory infections (p. aeruginosa), productive cough, weight loss, dyspnea

164
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Lung inflammation, end-stage bronchiectasis, obstruction, clubbing, V/Q mismatch, ↓↓RV/TLC, hyperinflation, air trapping, salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency

165
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Type

A

Ion Channel Defect

166
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathophysiology

A

CTFR gene defect on chromosome 7q, commonly ΔF508, inheritance = AR (1/30 Caucasians are carriers), Cl- channel is defective -> secretion of thick mucus in lungs, pancreas, liver, obstructive ventilatory defect

167
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Etiologies

A

Genetic

168
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Treatment

A

Accredited CF center! Mechanical airway clearance, Pulmozyme (recombinant DNAse mucolytic), inhaled hypertonic saline, tobramycin/aztreonam, steroids/ibuprofen/azithromycin, CFTR potentiators/correctors, gene therapy?

169
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

170
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET

171
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Type

A

Pleural

172
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology

A

Either infection (empyema), malignancy (primary mesothelioma or secondary metastatic breast cancer), or chyle (chylothorax) / blood (hemothorax) / ascites (hepatic hydrothorax) gets into the pleural space

173
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies

A

Infection: bacterial or TB. Malignancy. Other fluids from trauma or collagen vascular disease

174
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

175
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

176
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET

177
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Type

A

Pleural

178
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology

A

Imbalance of pleural fluid production

179
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies

A

Heart/renal/liver fail

180
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

181
Q

Pneumothorax: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

182
Q

Pneumothorax: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Collapsed lung on CXR, ↑HR, RR, deviated trach

183
Q

Pneumothorax: Type

A

Pleural

184
Q

Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology

A

Leakage of air into pleural space

185
Q

Pneumothorax: Etiologies

A

Trauma

186
Q

Pneumothorax: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

187
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

188
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

189
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

190
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

191
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Pathophysiology

A

Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction

192
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Treatment

A

Weight loss, sleep positioning, alcohol/sedative avoidance, oral devices, CPAP

193
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

194
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

195
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

196
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

197
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Pathophysiology

A

Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction, and also severe hypoxemia, paradoxical breathing, worse outcomes vs. OSA alone

198
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Etiologies

A

COPD + OSA

199
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Treatment

A

Nocturnal O2 / ventilation

200
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

201
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

202
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

203
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

204
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Pathophysiology

A

Periods of no respiratory effort, arousal from hyperventilation, disrupted sympathovagal balance

205
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Etiologies

A

CHF stimulates vagal receptors in lung

206
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Treatment

A

Treat CHF, give O2, CPAP, maybe CO2, drugs, LVAD?

207
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

208
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

209
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

210
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Type

A

Sleep-Related

211
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Pathophysiology

A

Periods of no respiratory effort, extremely irregular

212
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Etiologies

A

Rare congenital

213
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Treatment

A

Ventilation

214
Q

Hypopnea: Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

215
Q

Hypopnea: Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

216
Q

Hypopnea: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

↓airflow >10s

217
Q

Hypopnea: Type

A

Sleep-Related

218
Q

Hypopnea: Pathophysiology

A

Obstructive or non-obstructive

Pulmonology (3 decks)

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